WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old- ?( G- e& `( d  @4 J9 t$ w
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
. \4 X* z4 e3 s  ?8 g0 ?. zExposure to Testosterone
6 X% D9 ~: \; C' O( _/ o+ l5 o6 c: USamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2. c) D' X1 {) @8 W. A
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1  O& l- z; N/ m! p9 G+ E7 x
Clinical Pediatrics
- E3 M$ D- q$ U% _- X# x3 BVolume 46 Number 69 y* r% G8 a' T! Z' r! ^& f
July 2007 540-543+ z# ?. y  M5 Q5 ^2 i& I
© 2007 Sage Publications
3 y/ @( x7 h! z, {  A3 ?10.1177/0009922806296651
( e  `  |# ]& F# X% E& vhttp://clp.sagepub.com! R1 {$ I; b/ ~. L
hosted at
3 g/ b8 O4 D" w, b" I. o0 G; [http://online.sagepub.com
% |( m/ M+ o1 v/ l7 @9 PPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,- X& d! n% R7 J7 b: |: s( P( Q
is a significant concern for physicians. Central( o* v) K  r$ |) f  P$ d, L
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated6 |: {3 P& t0 w: Y
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
& I' p) Z. R$ i+ Q3 p1 ~a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
- O! ~; P, u, B) F4 \0 r2 L' Slesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
0 S: S3 o  s+ t' j) ^$ oby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
8 K: V  x1 h' R1 Q2 l& yhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-$ G; G' W- N4 T8 a/ q8 M
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We3 |' a- G1 b2 `, Z2 _
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the& o; v" y$ R' Y  T
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
6 c% L! y$ h8 G" ?! J9 Fment without testicular enlargement, which was due
/ q5 {( o9 x7 T5 pto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by/ F: ^: h; [3 w, A1 Y1 n$ A: U/ }
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
7 V$ t' X+ w3 l- F0 J7 J1 smation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
) T9 }$ R: F$ B" W' P8 ochild. Given the widespread and easy availability of& P) t) P* ^! x
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
; @+ @6 u8 A# R3 n( c1 Z8 [bly more common than the rare case report in the
& V* ?8 P- Y, S4 ]2 dliterature.46 D0 J' @& a9 Z6 ^9 J
Patient Report
5 G- g% ]. b' o6 R1 rA 16-month-old white child was referred to the! _# l) j1 O+ X6 U
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern7 P# v0 l/ m7 u' T3 Y9 H
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
% _9 g; }& N' ]  U! g& f4 j: Glight colored pubic hair development when he was" N6 Q" F- i/ _% d. \
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
( ~! b" E6 K4 F; v# \South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.' W- L: M9 W0 g! _7 ~2 i& E
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
% I: U4 M. S9 j! B- EProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
+ Z2 p: s* l+ @; JMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;  Q0 N$ q  s& v! Y
e-mail: [email protected].) I7 D+ e- L0 U2 r5 z, h0 l
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
$ s; ?- R" r3 D; Wdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-3 g4 z% i0 ^: B$ r" [
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
; @. J* ?1 L  [/ L3 ]1 |was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
5 j: d) Q& R1 X. Ea birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
: g& u7 S. {* @) O20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
: U& b/ {: r* I# J0 G- |: Z, aof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
, I2 ~9 \) N% t0 f/ O) M+ esolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,1 ]9 R: m/ A/ R0 C$ o, t
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
7 a0 j5 F/ M, m3 ~- g8 F; dwas age appropriate., \) j: b5 x1 \' o) {7 I( T: [
The family history was remarkable for the father,
9 Y6 S! T& z! S6 Fwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
; |4 t. A) V4 O0 I, N% @which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s2 q7 u! m+ H- b; E% N& [0 f7 \% |
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat  K1 h' C& F0 p1 c
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
2 E5 N& K% D% h! XThe father denied taking any other medication. The3 V5 V1 Q% H: V0 `7 _8 e$ @+ k: Y1 g$ `3 P
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche3 U& S0 o! e0 ]) w
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet3 b8 }3 M3 q2 f- f$ k5 ~+ a4 J
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-9 z7 l' h0 e. c! H
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-5 Q2 R" q% D7 h: `6 F; t
tives. There were no siblings.  Z7 x) T% B* x8 X4 K
Physical Examination
2 ^' G( R: }! u1 H) ~5 h4 O. EThe physical examination revealed a very active,
1 h: b% T- Z* U% {, ~/ Q' fplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
7 _1 J- A/ J4 a2 A2 }% Ba blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was" R  |/ T- A5 V0 w  }
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
. p/ G% Z5 w% g* p& ](also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
# N2 n' Q) h$ e3 a' ?, r# ~8 W+ \velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
& J7 m% m9 I0 m/ G. dthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% I; e" Y. i1 W. @& [
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for: T: P9 t  g0 b& w& A3 j, M5 X# ^
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
6 m+ a6 {* W1 m8 ?: {$ \$ [8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
" H) |; ~( t( W" b$ g# {* bdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around4 A4 v. h" ]+ ~8 H7 ^* c3 H
540/ |" W& _' O% {- A% J
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from- q# F0 s5 T: L% t
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
$ o9 p" C0 J# f; qtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
. F/ b# A/ q) _+ B4 m3 ^( Y8 VThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
* m6 v9 x' g; b* Boily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no) O, B1 |+ @8 F- R" S3 \
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.9 l7 g: |( ^1 d' I/ Q* ~7 ~
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
2 c+ h7 V9 i7 T  c0 R* @# P; qbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion5 L  P# y# Z' Q* ~/ H) e% _
of papilledema.
1 E. W) q" i. g( QLaboratory Evaluation, f- t' p4 T- z: _$ z
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by3 @$ o! [. v/ Z: L6 T+ K4 ?$ S
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-( L5 M0 ?# Z+ f8 ^0 g( v- t! R; w
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal/ A! t. K1 k9 C. b& r
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
! [& W  P5 T# G! y: g/ ?) wshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-' e! p2 H  ~1 s% p
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
( m( `' j( V# m& W1 \The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood2 b& _& w) M: {( f/ m$ \$ ~/ h
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
0 e0 @+ h! O: `4 ?9 swithin normal range for his age. The concentration
; z2 E) Q& _- c0 U) k# h- ^3 h! h# Yof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL. w, R( j6 S! X' ~# X
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
5 {; j5 a2 a) X/ i9 z8 I8 V' [+ lng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
1 H% z# F  ^( G5 p+ rterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
7 z5 F! ?6 D! `; ]! ydesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to6 C( X+ b' I1 [
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)9 |5 X* I( b9 u0 ^) s) g
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-5 X2 g0 v8 c( O; v  `) Z
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
1 p- D0 @, y- B: E" a% ]2 A  T" Vtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),9 k% [# Z5 w5 i
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
% S: Q: X+ {4 L& u- H5 z5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
" D& R' e8 M  I$ U. B: Ystimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone$ e) X. R( B- d
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL4 }4 |' @, b. G& A; P1 r  x0 f
(prepubertal).( c9 e, S9 N& M7 X1 T! r
The parents were notified about the laboratory
% v; Z" `, C! D8 Yresults and were informed that all of the tests were
1 \- S: Q! S( _8 Q4 K' wnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
5 T3 }8 B" n8 ~) a' p' {' p/ ]follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to9 g% ]8 T* O3 x: G& c  Q# o0 H
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
3 r/ L  `( L6 U0 Y( X4 o; S& o( wever, the family did not return for 4 months.
' }# ^5 r6 H7 q9 c& `# ^, _7 QPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
% M3 `! ~& N/ s) `# v- A* _child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained2 z; g' X$ k. M) ^, j  R
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
6 I0 H5 U- M$ r6 w. \0 junchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
! V6 V- r2 l& [6 A8 b  u( zpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
+ g) w/ \4 g3 Ethe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 27 t' S: I, B7 u: I( D6 U5 V
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
" [3 x% j& N2 x) g1 O0 Q# UThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-. Y6 D& `8 j7 A7 U' Z- K0 P
ing frequent erections.
& z4 Z, Z: Z7 h% pBoth parents were again questioned about use of
( |# Z8 s4 e) U3 @9 P! Lany ointment/creams that they may have applied to% V, o+ |' ]8 H/ Q, J  V! @
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
( x) g$ P. s) RTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
$ h7 v% B3 j" ?2 Fuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-+ Z0 A9 B3 w1 K7 b8 f
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
9 d5 g2 [5 u# J3 _; Y  n" i5 m: Oa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed0 Z% z6 r7 N0 w& @( Z  v
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
# I$ s+ B/ B7 s  ~/ P$ gscribed by his family physician for decreased libido+ M! N0 G) w- q' y
secondary to depression.
' ?4 S4 \) G: qThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
* q  `5 _1 {" n; {The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
" B$ |$ h9 W$ `, [4 f3 ichest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-- t5 p0 Y( Q, r8 g
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
, z+ x5 i' V# I* NThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
- w' ]- \" `. Wwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby' @" B: W- ^) r
was high, he then read the product information5 S3 y5 G6 ?! V6 L, x8 E  O1 g4 O
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-, t" m' ^+ @4 {
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
+ c$ Q2 w/ I; A% f8 f% V7 N9 Xdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
5 [1 i( j& N( kfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had0 ]" n& e+ ~; L$ }) v+ ^
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
+ z4 n1 w. J1 J, v3 @  v, h$ Q' Z7 Gtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the  |6 O3 i. F" Y* r5 y# F& ^
laboratory to obtain the test.
$ Z; P8 ]' J- _3 d- EDiscussion6 y0 h. B: @+ F) x4 R# c
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary, m' k/ S; k3 L2 V+ X7 {
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
; b; Z" J( ?$ A2 YPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
5 l5 k0 S9 i% M6 P" Git is caused by the premature activation of hypo-: }3 M! {4 v& Z* M3 r' i& ~, g6 V
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-+ b( J  J7 d0 W3 a' J) f2 s
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP3 Y' S$ _( c- y+ {' E+ H
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
  X0 A0 d) N/ x- o2 Eresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-! T# o4 d( \8 C: e- B: _2 n" w3 M
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
: [' l9 h1 z3 N! u& u4 \sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
7 ~. W: B" G7 y% O. a$ y1 X7 ~" lboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-; ^5 }( Q4 f: K! P: f
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
3 R2 [, L3 c4 t; ^9 b* i, v2 I: }rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by) f' g4 Q1 R/ B( F
gonadotropins.1,3
! ~9 W" X& D1 V% BGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-1 i! v% P* Z  p0 n+ F7 z
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
: u0 ~* B# y! V/ J& v, T% |9 }androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
% p1 C1 A) x# r% _+ G8 z# [- _exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-5 Y: k4 N7 j2 D; y1 d8 k
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
5 h  y. o" _# B3 E/ ccongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive0 j, s8 I" d" N& o
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious/ Y; j% C( I9 N% j8 {
puberty in boys.3,4+ L" ^$ s- d: i' ^' T
The most common form of congenital adrenal9 y! r  q5 {( |2 S  }
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
- z+ K$ y! f' K* H0 {0 I, xThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in1 Q, Q/ m: q  k4 N" i( t  \. i' u
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,8 p& a9 k, J9 c: _( |9 F" ]
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
# W8 d8 c0 x) u4 |# {; Mexcess.1,3' a5 q; A0 Y( h* `  r# ?
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ u+ N5 c& K, N# [$ ~  g* s% Q542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
  }4 s" P/ g% j" i! y# G+ WA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-( q$ t0 L" j/ C! I+ d/ v8 p
independent precocious puberty, which is also known) }( |( S  v! B1 t
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
  R4 O* Q, |( Y- Dvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
4 ~2 N/ b& ^! W: z/ ]with this disorder are full pubertal development,
: w& c2 b" ?  ~5 jincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
0 I$ v  ?: L* p1 hwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
6 w9 M/ i5 t" `5 I& X" `/ mare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
3 q* S# G. ?2 R+ Z% L" f! E& Mpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-- w  }( n- h, a& [
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked- ?2 y" g# @+ M% J+ m
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only: P* [- D) n9 a7 R! b* E
males; therefore, other male members of the family, E  ]" ~5 a$ [  ?
may have similar precocious puberty.3
" M: {1 g9 _/ O) g+ L1 ?In our patient, physical examination was incon-
; E( W" i0 j; E8 z, k, v- K( vsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
+ N  I3 P1 I. i( }: _8 scles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
5 e, ^, k4 C8 K, M4 u! bwas in the differential diagnosis because his father" Y8 V7 Q2 s* n  w
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,0 x7 N7 m: J' @+ \
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the% Y- b$ u+ K) l) t
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
' h( H7 R/ x4 e, e' w. b/ d/ j1 t, Eative initial history of androgen exposure, our
5 v- q9 w3 V3 i+ m0 Ibiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
) T$ x5 v* g/ u# u0 ^  x" Reither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
8 ^) K0 i% p1 N* T0 sdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
* w: u% H# V$ S$ |$ K0 J+ d$ D4 Ning the normal level of adrenal steroids.6 N) `1 U9 a8 ~' V, |
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly. [+ z) N# U, U& d9 `8 G
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because( [5 P- w1 C3 m) D/ E
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
( `' Z3 q" {. G4 @2 @, Ppearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and% o7 o1 {7 c6 t) n5 S
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-) w+ V9 l( e* |
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
! Z; N. B* [  x" E1 rusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
) |+ q% K7 A( X( V4 E' R; d" xDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
, Q6 j2 v# @8 Q2 v4 Rcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
/ o4 F1 B) O! I4 U2 ounprotected females through direct skin exposure.
: J6 v! J1 @/ d4 o- P. fSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
  l. v8 N5 j- k& }& abaseline value in those females who were exposed to  C; d5 f& X+ e$ p3 s9 l7 W5 \8 {: J
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
3 x( {3 M+ B/ [  n' v3 I) J9 e! j, Xpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-! W/ e) F1 Z# ?; l
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.: J2 Q) N: p7 z' m
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
' V, p' J, S7 }; x' Iwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that" [( M8 G9 j$ t; F0 y# C& ~- `+ M
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
! d1 e7 @& p& c3 G) d. i) Fterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more( h  o- }1 T/ H
active in young children exposed to testosterone
, b6 g: L$ ]: _% A! S7 y* Q0 @exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-( o7 v& F! n+ @5 {8 R% ]
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
. J0 V4 ^! R* e/ i& Dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
. Y2 o) }' }' O: ~0 ?* _1 e0 @; }children results in an increase in growth velocity and0 w. ~) S; f. H( ~  Z
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.$ {  ]( s6 o6 |4 [$ p
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
: f- I/ ]3 f5 E9 F$ Rearly childhood on pubertal development and final- z& c+ y1 ?4 k  o/ V# U
adult height are not fully known and always remain" A: [( Y- W) r7 A8 U0 [& j
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-% g/ n/ u+ p: {- i! d+ i, d0 y' Q
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some* R9 k4 q  \" \- |' `
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after0 }4 D6 ^% |. N5 c+ b
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
% I/ O2 q* H" s' v, N; kdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
9 U1 q  y: Y! @There are conflicting reports and controversy  L' }5 ~# R/ S5 U% S! |  U3 h& U
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
* j% x; h, G7 H; w$ d& y; Dpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal2 ^/ f5 k* M7 p: t) I
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
# r  `6 O  s. {) D" p7 O7 o1 nulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
1 g; x* g! a: S6 f- D" ^0 ASutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between  T6 X' Y$ f5 D: i0 I8 g4 J
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
) S. p6 @" T. G+ Vpenile length in clinical studies.
9 u  c# ^" [: x9 tNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
% W% |/ @7 n; V; S* ~going to experience any of the untoward effects from
2 H$ r$ U3 w: }& O. ^# W' Htestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
# \# A) Q) `/ lthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
7 ^8 {3 r$ D: p! `! \4 y" jAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of, A4 l, F' K2 p
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at% a' D2 |( u7 x3 V5 z
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult8 U) b$ v' ]4 {' N" ~2 P
height will not be affected.
# B& f1 q8 D9 S( T* {Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-4 m) C2 n1 A  |: O0 }2 Q
ability of androgen products in our society may9 [2 Z  R9 A' b; ], z
indeed cause more virilization in male or female6 _1 [6 Q% l- I" }; j8 ]6 w
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-( T- K1 P$ B7 T/ J
gen products must be considered and specific ques-7 ~4 k/ z% @, ?
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
3 [: C1 T2 F( b4 h5 J) Agel should be asked of the family members during# T  D. O' H2 P- F0 P8 x# Z
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
7 X/ u% ^% d; @0 ?  G& ~ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-1 H+ B# |  c7 |( X  d
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
% L, ^9 O9 v9 r2 u9 B1 }, lappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
0 e7 m5 z2 N9 P) d3 _- phistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may3 C0 Q- g* G0 R7 M' P0 s' w
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
, H- b( ^' d9 x% `investigation. The primary care physician should be
. ]* N' u; C; O0 U1 Maware of this fact, because most of these children3 V% q' h+ ?+ d; `& w5 ]. g
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’4 K! L7 J9 f" F# Z/ T/ Y& Y
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a# D& p" M0 ^2 `+ o7 P5 \' q- S5 e
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
1 Y( c$ q+ [0 U# V9 ]female child who might come in contact with some-/ _( F8 z& J: C* @2 F+ }+ F
one using any of these products.8 o0 O7 P3 ^+ @, V
References
( n+ B2 L7 ]+ a- @) J3 z1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation! ^6 O2 T! d  y; X8 v# d
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric- T  X6 i/ R% D3 E$ h' ?$ l. H
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
1 |* j2 {' Q3 [! H; F2002: 565-628.
7 {3 L  A6 E' o2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious0 a' U( K4 q! s$ C$ }
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
* A" D1 K$ @' o* Y1 N5 rBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
& z# N% O; J( t* K, |Exposure to Testosterone
9 [$ O7 z. i# {" XSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
; u% [7 _3 \" ^' z" ^( m* }and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1) ?# G7 v5 \! U  L
Clinical Pediatrics
: X2 ]7 [$ ^1 A, j/ z; g, ]' Q# M( Z6 ]Volume 46 Number 6# y+ f1 T9 Z' J7 V9 K/ `
July 2007 540-5431 t4 K6 x( K5 B: ], P- ]% i
© 2007 Sage Publications
9 [' h' }9 a: _10.1177/0009922806296651
1 U! s; _: k4 r& x' L' p1 f- n# Zhttp://clp.sagepub.com
0 \1 y3 z9 M& E: {7 O& X( i7 Shosted at( c5 C1 _# w1 o/ S" r/ H4 B% h
http://online.sagepub.com! z- M+ I+ u5 k3 a1 P" V
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,% d9 k; s0 m. ?: {
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
- P: R8 {* g. Y- y6 r$ R" c0 ]) Aprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated, ?" ]- N/ N* R, L& Q
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has0 F; u: \2 M! J2 s3 |
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system% Q, F+ ^/ t/ _' w4 L# E) J0 o
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested. }& Z4 v( e. M6 t* U" L
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
" ^9 z) h! ?! ]2 I# ~hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
4 V5 d1 F6 z' B# X2 P9 `cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
5 K" K; C' s  W! {, mreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
. B. v7 C' q; D5 x$ O% D. wenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
2 S+ m! A$ L  C4 f4 X* K, g! t3 r# xment without testicular enlargement, which was due0 x  V) R) t3 u* {
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by8 l9 [2 F' y3 i, U0 P" r
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-' ~# i4 S& r0 T
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
: k2 d- @9 L* W3 gchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of( N+ |- @. R3 }* A6 o- j; s" _
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-& a6 K, J3 S, \& r( A- |0 c
bly more common than the rare case report in the
% Q6 R! T2 I8 c7 l2 w! oliterature.4/ R/ q- m& ]) s; }
Patient Report7 x$ ]7 V+ s5 f! R
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the! d2 A" @# \6 \9 x, E# v" z$ u
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern8 m% [. L) P  y; F4 g& @! q- T
of early sexual development. His mother noticed4 ?2 a& i# L: v. h3 t
light colored pubic hair development when he was& T; G" Q5 L- a* t3 C1 V
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of% y% V) W, F* E2 S
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
. F4 @* I# a: JAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,& j5 c" Z7 C3 d! }+ @8 |4 }
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of% E  x: V. I$ @. G5 X* A2 o5 j
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
1 @, H9 A0 c$ B4 ~+ s1 fe-mail: [email protected].- v5 y" f  m( U* a# o
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
3 j( H, Y0 y& }4 U6 w9 Cdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
) {: n9 Q  {; t/ {: sment of his penis and frequent erections. The child- o9 [+ P9 f! d: M6 O
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with0 G! r1 w; ~! U& h
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of! T" T! ?. K8 m/ T, e
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
3 ?% a% f5 [4 i* J1 \" @of life and was still receiving breast milk along with: z  {  o3 ?8 G/ G7 @2 w( `' v
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,6 {7 b* g6 j3 C9 ^9 K
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
' A& S1 |. x4 M" y% D* L5 o; iwas age appropriate.4 z6 E) ]# K* I8 ^; p) g( d
The family history was remarkable for the father,
2 Z' y) h3 i- H1 L4 H9 Zwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
2 ~: k* L& U/ r7 ewhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
4 g5 Q; I4 m: |height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat% [, _9 E; z6 t% l# k# n! G- T1 a
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
6 A. y3 |# ?% oThe father denied taking any other medication. The
- a1 @. T$ S" h$ [2 Vchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
3 |3 D% B; J. dwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
, L9 ?$ a- d5 r* \5 [2 T5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-5 Y+ B0 A- D# x2 t' y: w! a+ e
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
6 s! p2 {( m# {. u+ Vtives. There were no siblings.
- a+ h* c4 t) P* e* lPhysical Examination; G( ?1 \! A" z3 b6 J3 ^  H3 m
The physical examination revealed a very active,; {' u" M9 R% H
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented: o2 ]6 @# B+ g* u
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
+ @8 N) m! e% c) x90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg' v+ K$ _8 O0 G! Y$ \
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
. O+ G: ]# G2 L. \velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of# @( H* i5 P: ~* j& t7 G
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% [5 F/ r. ]2 _7 G
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for0 w/ G" F$ k  K: }3 H
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
( x3 `, i  S1 u, M( X% o' _; U8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& C9 q0 V1 o9 f+ v% A6 B% d+ J- H; Zdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
* Q* s; \5 ~. V0 z/ V540" H/ Y* m+ k. o' w: \- v
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. {/ A. F8 x! f. L
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The. d! ?' {  i( W8 ^4 D; p, @0 Y
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.7 H8 P7 P, _, ~+ c8 G5 F/ v
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
- z8 |9 ^8 p* ooily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
' l7 P1 t2 c8 f' Zabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.6 T/ S# w5 |9 t1 {" \
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+0 N+ d4 x. @# a- P, T- q
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
* W& Z7 Z7 |4 ]! aof papilledema.
4 q4 W  L8 F  l% ?" D7 jLaboratory Evaluation$ _  q3 Q0 \3 t: X$ b% B4 \
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by9 b  s& e. T4 B" {) ^
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-! _/ ?6 P1 X9 a: t6 z% M4 y7 }5 Q
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
. T$ s; J& C9 q3 z0 x; Rkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test$ J$ e# {8 x5 Y+ O3 L& j1 b* K" B
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-! o& o$ J* @/ S1 ?6 O' W* z( q
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
2 c* _: H9 x$ c6 `" y3 oThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood* W0 i4 e! m4 i
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were( A+ P, n$ m( M
within normal range for his age. The concentration) W+ M! ]3 X3 Z# U7 h
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL( a5 k3 ?( _) P# K
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 206 D' T0 ~9 v7 P8 ]; s; D
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-5 r- \# v& ^2 O* g4 R) ~
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
4 L3 ]; u1 N$ b4 j3 |: Odesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to- e( x# l9 `& j" a% {8 D
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)/ M8 Y" ?9 Z! r! T5 ?% C
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
8 T0 o, @; l8 S$ Jtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total3 L2 x! Z! R2 z) n: M! }/ J
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
" V: X1 B9 v3 kand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than2 |. V; F; R4 U; z
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular8 L/ K9 ]: k# s" t
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
/ N0 h" ?4 T0 Gconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
4 w+ X8 d4 i  E! M(prepubertal).
( E) w6 a* u, V, p- \& `The parents were notified about the laboratory
$ K7 D3 t) `$ `$ _2 b' }6 v5 Z- U1 Yresults and were informed that all of the tests were
" Z! _" {5 C; m1 fnormal except the testosterone level was high. The: A4 u6 l, J. N; O" Q
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
/ r4 D  U$ p) y. F' h; u& Z4 u4 xobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-+ j3 U  W+ C9 [# f: E% ]  ]
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
* u! [8 L& B# M, \* c6 e4 RPhysical examination at this time revealed that the0 ^0 w( K! V) \! I
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
- a1 R4 Y% e, F* |: t2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained. }2 e: m5 C; I; g( N
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
) |1 h+ V; ~- y* Y; Bpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 J2 @! l6 r" O; `' V2 H5 o# _
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2' l/ X7 J* m# Q+ c2 `6 Y$ K7 X
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
3 ^+ `  E: n! I% {; B. jThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-2 ^1 g& k) _! c7 g
ing frequent erections.
: Y8 ]) |8 l3 _Both parents were again questioned about use of
/ ?/ t2 m0 b4 C% nany ointment/creams that they may have applied to2 f) H2 Z+ {! y/ i! o2 K" R
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the% Q' r0 ?# }( \& \% `. z
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
; I' N  E+ `1 E- J/ g- z' M! P2 yuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
- @* S: S6 m9 E  ping over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for  S' L& _9 E( X8 x0 t1 o
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
" B1 \3 E# d; Z* v- L4 Vto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
. g" _% I7 ?9 n1 Fscribed by his family physician for decreased libido0 r0 E, q3 Z8 d$ V0 Z
secondary to depression.
4 ?* S8 R7 c! i2 n" S  R+ |The child slept in the same bed with parents.
  w2 @' k. h0 E. N) pThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
3 U5 l6 h# h) l/ @chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-7 _, x2 i2 X6 A" k8 b6 a
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
' e' J5 s' a2 }The father also admitted that after the phone call,7 N. G; Y( y) p
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
, u" d6 _8 _/ t' s$ P, a. C3 Cwas high, he then read the product information3 C; ^" c8 E6 ?% f* Q. v- s
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-& r6 z' L  _! t" M
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they/ o. a/ u. N7 ?+ _
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the+ c) P. J/ ~& T' w
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had& {2 p! E1 t, l; x
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
* M$ b$ P+ h& q- w' r$ J5 s9 Vtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
) V9 V! e+ L. L0 b. Ylaboratory to obtain the test.8 Y) g6 V+ S1 F0 D5 }( ?6 Y1 z/ |
Discussion
; H: M. J8 V2 F  tPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
" Y! E* J3 x" U) f2 p) \8 i0 Osexual development before 9 years of age.1,49 Y" \1 a* U( _
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
) \4 X5 ]% |, H6 f4 }it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
% q3 h, b: t& Y, i6 wthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-2 H( ^  a8 O! f0 {: v7 B
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP6 `" r2 B) c- f5 X& i  t$ Q' n% S
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
2 J* g" |8 B$ c7 b- l& ]responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-: C4 g) P; u7 ^1 \" v
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-2 n, I& _6 B6 F: l- ?
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in" I4 _+ ]* i5 h5 [* H9 N- V
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-7 ]: }" o  v* w' q
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-5 h2 B9 x, v+ ?9 W
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by& H& A: p/ D% z" j
gonadotropins.1,3
: P+ Z3 |9 F4 _7 r* ~# M- ~/ JGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
2 q( c  z0 R: q: X, u* c' Qcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate  H9 M, a4 A( z
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
/ e) G8 g, _+ `5 Oexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
' f# J0 `# @% J6 m, Xulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing8 p) h: M0 R+ m6 J! j
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive9 ?& j9 x5 l% N6 V$ w$ |
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
; {: y% _- D( S  E/ ]# P1 mpuberty in boys.3,44 i# D0 N' @2 o5 V7 [- W9 r4 c
The most common form of congenital adrenal' t/ H# Y! }7 @
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.# d) Z  @+ t. U! _: D
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in+ a6 L5 P/ F1 d& o( s, \/ W% K' x
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
; P$ g- H8 e& ]8 i+ y6 _0 |an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen1 n/ _* V, W, V
excess.1,32 h% H. J# c9 e  x- I
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 M4 h! y" g1 G0 c6 c
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
# c; o( P' t& ]4 j: nA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-9 \# }4 p3 W+ H! c: X
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
0 x! m' l* X/ |# |1 das testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a7 }  l; X3 p7 G& }( X
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
# A- H1 l  w- v7 R7 C! m, _with this disorder are full pubertal development,* G1 j9 }% C7 c  A
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys8 ?# O8 m& H  {2 v( J# V! ?$ m9 h; R
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
6 V& E6 k: I8 m2 H* [are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show* M7 V+ x, \$ f4 I, i6 ^) w
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-% N4 ?* Q! M5 ~" x& o
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked. N' k1 D- w: d
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only. l6 W! c& @7 |2 @$ @
males; therefore, other male members of the family
- h6 p3 U( M+ J& u; umay have similar precocious puberty.3! D. [" c! [$ i( [2 ~. J
In our patient, physical examination was incon-( I; L% w. |2 r$ g% g5 `
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-( V1 l2 Q# b0 P
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis& q5 l0 L5 i" U5 U
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
: `3 x* U# N% u. ^3 z' A& Kstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,: h# l# E+ a5 ~# `( }( p' A$ F
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
7 h% M5 T, V- {* sbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
2 ^. G( }& _1 [; o# xative initial history of androgen exposure, our
( d" Z# T* F1 Q; u; n2 N0 abiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
  f5 e7 C& q3 ueither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
$ L" r6 D0 b: |. gdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-# F5 M  X- T/ o3 l7 \* s
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.: H( u2 V4 X  Z, W& D, G( ?5 r7 f
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
9 r9 k. h+ K$ _3 j5 Z& e8 E+ fsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because5 }' |7 K! J8 |
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
: Q0 `7 U* a% T3 w% q/ |- ^9 {pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and, A0 _9 m8 Y8 Y8 f1 f3 s9 D: M( |
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
, h$ F# j5 F* |8 n" q6 m8 Wterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
. ?6 z# P0 D0 susing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’# z8 ~. U6 K2 {' h( N& g- `
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
1 L4 i! A% Z. q3 `4 s( D4 acream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to- d  _! X: N0 w4 L
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.! u3 ~% E9 m% I1 E5 Y2 x
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the& z% q3 N  I! n/ A0 M+ z3 n
baseline value in those females who were exposed to* c8 b& A# O; g6 X
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
$ M  D0 o9 j% Z! h6 i( ^0 D5 Rpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-- s( d8 K% T: q* \1 Q$ B
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
4 T0 s2 S" t; H5 NOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,4 `5 S, ?1 }/ i  [- L( \( ?
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
: r, i; i: e3 ?( I$ C5 [+ ]3 idermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
3 C) L- D- O5 r7 @; R! V0 ~% }terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
1 k" I) h- }! [; d, ^9 bactive in young children exposed to testosterone
8 n. y, O/ `6 r! Q9 E& _exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-7 M3 a7 ^; a! ^# q6 r, A. R2 w
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to2 C2 A8 v2 {' U( ]/ `; H$ Q$ N2 N+ C( w
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in( T9 T* T! m' ^! _& x
children results in an increase in growth velocity and0 D- K# A, y& o5 e* T+ ~
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.4 v* \  s  X1 R3 z
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
3 O' F- Q6 z# h- mearly childhood on pubertal development and final! m. Q. O' D) w: g
adult height are not fully known and always remain
9 i8 j* u% w2 v5 za concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
' W* Y, }; {! R! D5 pterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
- G" {/ P7 d1 q) wacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after' q7 H. l- j" Q; F% E
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation  U# g9 D1 }# F
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 y8 u/ x  @! U3 O0 EThere are conflicting reports and controversy- m" V. v  V  \: `4 C
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult9 B0 Y. X, ?$ V6 i
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
* Z/ N( N- O: L: }  }- N( }& q& wadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-/ ~) r- w8 Y  }/ Z; ^! g% y+ R
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
: d- n5 U5 I: HSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
5 d/ F, x: A2 x3 kchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult  d6 G( W, c4 C5 r0 ~3 ?+ a
penile length in clinical studies.
! ^1 S( u! s) tNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is+ y7 y" G7 u$ h* `
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
3 P* U- P: T0 h: u. u8 ?  {testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because; Z& I& K: K- u5 e% M/ T4 z
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
$ G" u! K6 {! o* D, t) ~) UAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of9 H4 B# p" ~0 x& l
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
3 u! N/ t  [7 Vthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult0 L4 `9 S. _0 V1 b: U' H
height will not be affected.
; g+ n3 \3 `9 ?# x  j& wAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
( Z. B. J9 ]/ l5 [/ }, Y8 fability of androgen products in our society may; }3 u3 R) V: i9 P7 [5 J; ^+ J: t
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
7 w& n1 o. J( @6 |children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
7 e1 G1 V: a! \8 \; o  f8 agen products must be considered and specific ques-0 o6 g7 K/ \2 F9 U" ?0 N
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or* Y3 ?5 d6 w; @
gel should be asked of the family members during( D+ g6 t; c$ _# i  `3 B
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-' _2 `8 c3 n" l, E  [, S
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
! n+ A" b( J4 B3 }  v' Z( Fnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
, a# Q( j) F: R# Iappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a$ y9 E1 O$ V. m; Y) t
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
! E" K3 ]6 M& e( N3 j1 x9 h' Qresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive) M0 Q( D- o4 C# y2 Q: l' E3 ~% z
investigation. The primary care physician should be
' ~% A$ T& W) Kaware of this fact, because most of these children
$ }. a9 h  |' x5 U7 D$ I7 t" a' Mmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’0 l9 p0 L: Z6 \
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
+ f: F& \9 \5 _: `; _0 ^3 Nwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or* _; u( F, T% K! X3 B) U
female child who might come in contact with some-
% \- d. t4 D* k1 \" bone using any of these products." u, K0 P  q+ F& F$ K0 a0 _; k
References7 k) _! i1 v1 n" B" {3 Y
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
# T/ s: ]# q! {and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
: p% w. e  d% o' HEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;. Q; h* U  A6 X. Y) R  Y( k
2002: 565-628.3 S4 {7 O! E8 r( S4 \! p
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
6 O4 F0 L' D; e) O" K& r8 Mpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
9 ]& z& d. N6 v
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表