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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old% p, ]; P8 ^( {" g8 B/ O9 Q
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
& q( f( S, J$ U. v# oExposure to Testosterone+ O5 M, G4 b9 f% Y1 y2 ?$ A p9 R* j
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
. R& N4 @1 e( j7 J' g3 Oand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD11 c* T, x0 Z. J- R. }
Clinical Pediatrics& t/ K. Y6 h4 o+ H, w3 e! B
Volume 46 Number 6
! j4 u# X" w! c7 k# hJuly 2007 540-543
: v! T7 ]( @0 x0 A© 2007 Sage Publications
* ^. X) f$ t8 h1 {8 A10.1177/0009922806296651
* d. Y+ e6 i( i2 A% ?http://clp.sagepub.com
9 Y8 p. ?" c, e9 i3 K0 J8 Qhosted at
4 q7 X) O+ [% i0 R5 u i5 G! khttp://online.sagepub.com; V. L+ L: V- k& c' L
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,7 a- e. ]4 |1 r p8 } p. p( }
is a significant concern for physicians. Central% d) ?) I1 w4 Y) s& Y1 W5 n
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
6 \' F8 S8 s1 cthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has3 q. R' n8 U7 j6 u- P
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system8 W: C4 z1 ^0 S: U0 v( `) l4 J5 ^
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested2 n, u/ R8 t, R- h; K4 X
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic Y: \4 J3 ] r+ {" l4 Y
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-0 Q+ f: b8 I) J1 n. l4 U2 w) `. z
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We! A$ N4 H4 z% @# l7 M s4 D
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
, l+ ?$ [. [% M3 g) [+ Genlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
* x7 n7 F( ?' F( Zment without testicular enlargement, which was due" ~! G; x; b6 m# |! R& Z# D
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
5 {/ V! O) I% o8 _- b5 t6 i; n4 dthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
S% F- z% P* e* U4 U7 r! Emation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
+ H, V# [9 y! s7 C& q: N* Q% n5 _4 Pchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
& E; `9 ~* R; R3 B6 w% h6 ttestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
* w" U/ k- {& ?0 B. Y7 U. B$ Wbly more common than the rare case report in the) T+ x. M3 M' |7 ?- P. l
literature.4
: I* Q8 p; X5 [# i& hPatient Report5 X( H2 s N( P
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the" {" v' v: X3 h. s, a& m w ?3 u
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern5 r- e& r+ p* I" f( W5 e! [+ o
of early sexual development. His mother noticed( ^6 G$ K" G3 R* f/ a( ^2 c) h8 L
light colored pubic hair development when he was! j" F# `: x2 q6 y- \' T
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of+ y6 a) Q- E5 K R t# j3 J+ p
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
c# C1 C( s: H- d! G. XAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,7 h/ u9 z5 b* j8 k3 y: a$ w5 z
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
6 D8 i8 e0 ^: h3 [: `. zMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
- A8 f W+ @: g! W, e) h. ne-mail: [email protected].
* q" h& Z! t; E( n6 M& \* Vabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
" Z4 M$ ~! f- Q$ L M' Z( z- pdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-3 J- g! |' i$ H
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
8 _/ p. o3 X% S Uwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
) ?7 l/ l; Y4 R# m6 X& K% x3 l; ca birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of D& s8 U& j/ k6 Y3 ^4 J4 z
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
* Y# R5 W! v1 r9 H8 I5 r @of life and was still receiving breast milk along with: X$ y. \9 p3 {* ?1 p) S& G
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
6 ^4 s9 K5 T7 d! R9 nand his psychosocial and psychomotor development9 t! G" h9 S. l; Q6 B( M& Y" V8 G
was age appropriate.3 L E& R, t- U6 t4 L
The family history was remarkable for the father,9 h+ M; u3 e. F, a7 O9 e4 f6 |; F8 Y
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
* g4 f& F1 J9 ]which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
% K; ~0 y' w$ v; Wheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat1 ^9 E2 X( O, }9 q* V
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.+ E) K" S* m" |( I+ }5 z
The father denied taking any other medication. The9 n c2 D0 P3 i0 ~; D3 B |
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
9 `7 I# y) a/ f/ R, U. awas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet7 j; r$ \. N9 e; n( _$ G I* m
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-, w; B0 a$ B7 z* L6 m
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
+ w/ g+ H+ C- L- m, N. \2 ~8 A' Gtives. There were no siblings.6 H9 D* c, l3 p+ {& k1 Y3 S
Physical Examination
! W$ x F- l; h# n( j6 x9 EThe physical examination revealed a very active, L7 D1 O2 A8 I4 K& u
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* C2 b7 k4 i0 R- I7 M- i0 A2 W
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was5 U6 x; u. @- u
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg+ u0 ?" X8 w$ B" Q
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth' q1 k; j: U G- Q( V0 B7 z
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of% f. b t, p U' t/ h% `& f A
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
2 ^% j+ T' |- VThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for' g$ g ?0 o# `% j* C8 Z$ b; S% u
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of4 o; U4 c1 }5 g7 l4 o8 v1 S1 v& l
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
" c: F$ Q% \, kdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around3 T* `% ?3 b; `. g4 F+ Z6 j C- I/ ]
540, c/ e! w* V6 E3 F6 j# T
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ j) z, L* g3 g1 Nthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
: o1 [& P6 i; [testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
& |+ N5 g) d. g: XThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat: {$ W6 @2 v: z; N9 P, ^' S
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no. ~( m) B8 ^ I, |
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
" s+ }# n( b- D* O$ }, a/ yNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+* u1 t# @; ~& A1 v* a/ v% R
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion4 K9 R( B* E m& v
of papilledema.
7 Y+ h6 M9 g2 u# A8 X3 _9 M' qLaboratory Evaluation& w' R1 Q% Z+ p/ U1 z
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
! J4 P$ r. E& ^( ^using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-# j2 D! A: T. h* C# k
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
6 |& \0 Q% U0 |. ~karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
) r4 ]# D+ v8 c3 U( ]1 A" d* U. r* xshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
! i- C: z7 C) P8 Wlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).* v" j$ Z5 s! t, W
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood; S2 e1 [( Y, h+ Z* N1 L0 j
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% I6 u- ?7 e4 U: L
within normal range for his age. The concentration8 a- M0 G1 Z+ f* r
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
& u* N' r; q3 x, a(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20$ ~2 O2 x, {% f/ V
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-; a0 B: F4 d, J- M
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
% K2 w7 p# f* F4 @desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
0 l, [; i+ }- v7 {. ~5 j49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)' ?( z* Y: S& @# _- C! Q& s. V
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
& H- k1 ?3 w3 q j) j- L" btisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
" w: @5 s9 `8 S2 Atestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
2 r+ X9 a7 ? p% d) ?1 E& J& pand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
4 \6 m7 q% c5 T5 Z# i5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
; o- t6 c- q! |7 G/ j4 ?stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
, ?/ C. w, ]6 d( j/ ^% a. vconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
+ [& w6 V8 z$ T- ~& p% Y(prepubertal).
' W9 ~2 U4 O# b2 ~- n6 G& k6 @8 IThe parents were notified about the laboratory# Z) E0 P5 A: M
results and were informed that all of the tests were$ w, R' n6 e* M: g
normal except the testosterone level was high. The; k% B5 ]: A- C; L+ q# A: C' c$ ~0 B
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to. N# X. w' P) d6 o6 V
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-7 j- J6 `' f% S' h+ {( K+ v3 o
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
3 K# i: w- d) jPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
5 q* @& @: I j7 t/ R) Wchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained: K0 E- S( p9 J! g" o
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
1 `- W/ j8 M/ i9 D7 Y; h0 @unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
9 z/ C) f8 w# ?pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
" Y8 c# c" u; ~+ ^* V2 ythe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
& s* s$ Z# D, Y: K' ]& i5 RmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.6 }5 S7 Q" R" P1 \7 H1 F, o' }
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
6 u) S1 B! ?+ d; qing frequent erections.+ _ `+ K, `1 a8 S- D V
Both parents were again questioned about use of
8 X3 N. G2 ^! l) \% Y; ]1 Kany ointment/creams that they may have applied to# |: f$ k8 M2 c3 V
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the* D) ?, f, w/ G9 i
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541* m& L0 {6 K& ?% y+ Q
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-/ d+ s g- d+ u3 q7 f! e, V
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
% E+ v r/ g& N3 aa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
' q' |. l0 a1 i# e& [6 Z+ Jto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
. H2 U9 q c7 sscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
4 V [( T9 n0 @: x. p2 Xsecondary to depression.
* Y' h. N4 J/ |0 n: _; {9 HThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
/ Q5 p: M! j2 X3 }5 sThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his% w2 I& o3 d' W& V0 p' ]4 H& e+ a
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
; y# G" d* z6 Snificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
/ ~; D J4 G9 l& M' `The father also admitted that after the phone call,
3 e) M: l- e8 P) {4 Ywhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby1 {* y+ i2 H/ g e( y8 \0 [. ~
was high, he then read the product information4 S k& _% m5 R6 U% H
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-4 F* I/ m5 F' s5 n, d5 T1 a8 P3 Z' _
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
5 W" W" I1 }3 s( B4 i+ tdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
T o- P7 d% X" Sfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had8 k o f8 }' g# y
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
/ T, d) |& X; C$ ^test was ordered, but the family did not go to the; I! K( c D, l% \9 a6 K* z6 {* O
laboratory to obtain the test.9 Z6 T0 \+ l: }" Y4 y
Discussion
5 P1 R% Q' X: V- r! WPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary0 C3 G8 {( u7 u$ I- `* k
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4$ C$ d+ R" V$ E- f# f/ r- H
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
6 w$ Y. e S0 C1 y; E3 qit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
1 c# x2 V* Y1 {: \4 [+ V) O vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-* b: E. q/ A: B# X$ L. m
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
1 M' b+ O; R4 u. ?2 ]: V- Lmay have a central nervous system lesion that is% N- y6 u K9 ^1 d) N/ R
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-, _( Z4 D6 K* D2 D/ V+ H) Q$ o
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
. `; o5 m- J! bsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in- w- }0 B W. M) b x+ { A$ b
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-3 P6 V7 u! o9 C# |8 q# Z
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet- F$ D, O; w5 z
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by# j) E# E" W B3 g# c% }. e) z5 o
gonadotropins.1,3
, }2 @6 f0 ]! T/ fGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-6 i5 O9 q: S/ }* ]# G
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
8 Z. f6 t9 m1 o/ Pandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
' J+ K1 J9 o( Y0 H9 C9 hexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
v# }0 C& W1 \& D( D9 W: `2 B& culation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
* G4 B7 t! k5 Wcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
0 ~ ]/ _8 n5 Tadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious' L( c& [* m" `1 `
puberty in boys.3,4
3 D* j( L* \& y9 N* {; |1 ]7 X, xThe most common form of congenital adrenal! L+ d4 F6 i7 [$ Q4 {9 N
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
* C1 q& f* y, x- mThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in. L0 g+ Y( p" U- p" @
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
0 ?1 D3 u; }# n- d1 O* uan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen; A6 s1 ]; _7 K9 N/ m" ]
excess.1,3
' V; l W6 Q. ^* }at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 [/ J* Y2 }* x" {$ p" d' `4 s542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007& B( R+ o ?& U) Z- A
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
/ | c" R- o$ Gindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
7 U6 h6 `" v3 g5 M4 {1 C* O \as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
9 h% Z; h. [1 C5 a/ Rvery young age. The physical findings in these boys$ w4 N: M8 K" v$ C. K/ i* m+ \
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
& w) D7 T$ R9 S3 l2 _$ {including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys N0 R3 a3 w! Y9 y
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
`' E: n% H' b5 ~% |are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show% }8 L' F6 A9 F3 W
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-7 w+ v7 O3 T" Z9 F3 G
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
# l2 H O1 V/ }: }- W- G, }autosomal dominant disorder that affects only; i/ J0 m! v! B3 R
males; therefore, other male members of the family
8 `: i1 c5 O+ Y8 ~" smay have similar precocious puberty.3
3 f" U* f+ f0 \/ O S4 tIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
1 x# u4 w, c, p& wsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
5 z) E, p) A& r ], _' O! i" Scles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis4 J2 T0 J8 y4 H) v
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
' E6 w2 J6 f# L5 T G/ [started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
! A& ^% E3 x5 j( k6 q( T- Vtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
# |+ m$ g. G6 u* s) W, @( r7 Abeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
. P* M* d1 {- } w1 Eative initial history of androgen exposure, our' i. M4 ]$ a) M3 s) X* z$ M; y
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
' J( ^+ Y& d6 t: b( H4 I) j! ^either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase" b: s. g2 h+ O* d6 i, U9 H
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-, U1 p: V9 r/ q; K1 E# Z5 }
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.7 t+ W. ~* @/ s* t4 V6 u) \
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly7 i. S! j- h! q: h" I
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
4 h4 t0 L6 R9 T' i8 Vthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-0 W/ ~: O7 v/ \: |
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
, j( e+ ^7 P/ I* }+ L" hdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-3 _6 X; m$ p, \% C1 J2 \
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was1 z7 m+ U3 `3 G* ]' |, }) u9 x
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’4 j' X# x1 L& h% Z: K( D
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or- Y* [; v* ?, P% i* n7 v7 G! @3 x
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to+ f+ ~8 Q$ v' K- m8 t5 G
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
$ Y: I5 E0 b: g) VSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the8 l) D6 J! e0 _
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
1 B0 r0 P0 y# heven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male3 g9 j( K9 ]! |. U) h( [
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
: ?2 |! y) H# A2 O! w( rtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.' q$ O' y: l2 R) `$ N3 n) g; K
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
& r, t4 g6 P" W- A/ Qwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
! r8 o0 Q0 c0 }$ Wdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
2 G+ h& h5 a8 g) x$ B3 C8 c5 K9 Tterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
- u9 C, T7 ^" D9 lactive in young children exposed to testosterone
: B; k3 F: b! _exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy- R, `/ r$ J: f- m5 t
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to) }1 X3 C a1 z9 h
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
. T+ U$ k/ B. i" a v# ^children results in an increase in growth velocity and
7 H, w5 c/ k- Qadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.9 t* F/ v7 c5 u2 u. G2 Y- @
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during% Y6 O) O; X$ c1 A
early childhood on pubertal development and final2 j+ |+ ^& R. V7 a' I3 e
adult height are not fully known and always remain: R7 b7 D( i& ~8 a
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-% h& U) s7 Z+ |' _6 J: N
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
/ N, t/ h' m, p1 v( B/ M3 Racceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
& l) U. ^2 f6 U9 [cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
6 y/ {! Z, D( H7 Z! s8 j7 ddecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
* T- N: B/ v+ m1 v7 x+ HThere are conflicting reports and controversy/ z* B8 _$ v B* L" ]) Y2 J
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
6 ?1 S, q8 l! y- \! f. l& xpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal. H7 u7 K" {" E5 J: @. W {
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
Q" {3 M9 y9 E3 Z8 C, x8 M" Rulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
5 @% q7 c. A* Q) |, t& {Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between ^, q# ?3 v, w5 Q) Q; a' v, A
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
) I) O j0 p+ m& I( {. t2 L' P( ^penile length in clinical studies.. X5 j1 d: D" a
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is: E: ?3 G( d' \- ]- R3 w
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
# q% r/ T: B/ f. h% T% a ~5 g) {testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
+ r+ Q+ t& }! w' k- }+ {the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.3 h( R B: N, F; C
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
1 x4 U, Z* ^5 C+ M, @% mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
! E: r! Y& G3 i0 S* jthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult- t* o1 u# J* e) z
height will not be affected.
3 @0 I" M& t# d7 j0 x+ q4 ?* M% r+ MAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-7 i1 K) y+ z/ J* E9 q
ability of androgen products in our society may
! c' u# [# ~( R9 X' L; Z+ Sindeed cause more virilization in male or female& {3 Y. l i1 f# e0 T
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
* ^, x( n9 `- |- M: sgen products must be considered and specific ques-
2 e' n4 M" u! |) @tioning about the use of a testosterone product or9 S, p5 k. ~+ E5 \% l- j2 @, B7 \" V
gel should be asked of the family members during
& n, }" q9 S* Z4 \1 q$ y/ Tthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
1 i0 P/ Q3 n3 f3 Cilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
# S8 X+ H, O! a& g! S# e( X3 j4 znosis can be established by just a few tests and by
6 e+ r9 W0 ~# {$ h3 U; y0 T# rappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a, F' e$ Q" m0 }! d8 T
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may8 q) h$ |" Y5 V* t: T3 n
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
$ ]7 _9 G3 o) F' x, H Xinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
. d4 \5 {4 L0 p" ^aware of this fact, because most of these children! ?6 c& m# b7 a2 a& g/ m0 C
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
. m4 |) e; |! U9 QDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
) H; V8 f1 |; j; |warning about the virilizing effect on a male or$ {: L% q+ _2 M% f* R& ^
female child who might come in contact with some-; n1 p: z2 N4 S
one using any of these products.+ w8 Y5 b- i) V& X q7 q1 W# R
References. ~7 O- I x! T3 d/ ^- U
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
: i+ @" d \; tand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric) r8 D! \, G2 t( o$ K! q4 Z+ M8 |( r# @
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;4 _+ L: l# d5 D+ O: u) p
2002: 565-628." \, L$ O; [$ `. f# Y5 ?
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
- `* M, \# z: `" s/ epuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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