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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
5 l5 a% F, j( Y3 A6 K+ TBoy Induced by Indirect Topical$ a; y8 n  m% C6 u
Exposure to Testosterone
$ J+ ^9 ]$ \$ D, \. z) wSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
5 X( V$ P% o  ^" w& Gand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1' H7 ~8 S" D9 }1 ]4 f
Clinical Pediatrics5 j5 j- s8 i2 P/ K% |9 j- E
Volume 46 Number 61 X1 C% N0 n4 R9 S- v6 P7 m, H
July 2007 540-543
( t+ ]5 h) D7 B, p& R" K8 j& m  z© 2007 Sage Publications3 ?/ g! s: D$ E4 e( |
10.1177/0009922806296651
4 M8 d" G6 b6 u/ Y) Khttp://clp.sagepub.com
$ ?/ F2 T# H" b; h% phosted at
; B! l. R8 w8 y1 V7 ~5 o( Xhttp://online.sagepub.com* g+ c$ X$ Y1 x6 Z
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" X6 P/ [4 T/ Z$ Y0 }. L% ^; _2 S5 lis a significant concern for physicians. Central
* X  l$ M$ n, a! ]) \precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated1 t6 T/ y( [9 _3 {# h
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
7 Q; _7 @" [" g$ e9 V2 Va higher incidence of organic central nervous system
  U$ S- `9 [5 h  X7 x# flesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested* k- G  A3 x" D; m: |4 Q4 @
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
5 @) a/ P% N& ~& Ghair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
2 |* ^6 d9 [: X2 \' m- Pcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
( T! \3 N/ Y+ v' ]report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the  m9 }4 r- M8 x/ A7 n! N( q9 z) y& O
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-  Z: C$ n! i5 ^0 F- Y- g4 X
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
' a+ T$ i9 ^  n# [8 k+ N- Zto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by& {5 Z2 W4 p5 Y" I- N
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-. q( u1 a% M/ P  d' h+ v
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this6 b0 U- B8 o  w, c- c  j5 A
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of& m' o+ p* J  [+ d+ W
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-" B2 U3 ]* y/ O8 `1 [5 A/ N5 \
bly more common than the rare case report in the8 a; L5 ~7 P8 _8 Z
literature.46 A; m; r2 ?# d. N" d% Z/ H9 _
Patient Report. G0 I+ _2 x7 c
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the- ~! ?& v0 s6 E0 I' r
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern* y# Y4 a1 N$ X7 b! A) o. S0 H) r
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
- X# d3 T1 Q4 F! t) }+ Glight colored pubic hair development when he was& E9 ~! N+ d8 h# j1 y9 i  s) o
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
( z* m0 ?/ E: y9 t' K; M0 JSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
6 k- F* l& K4 x! W6 B$ JAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,# t* }9 ~# `; Y+ P& S
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
! |' a. h# ~' Q+ hMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;! `- o: v. w; u- v6 W  Q; s& ~8 }& F" k
e-mail: [email protected]., f9 D8 F. h: A6 V* {
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
: m/ J1 {- g/ Mdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-- D: m, _, P1 @7 S; G2 Y
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child& `% v7 d2 ~2 T7 y) `
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with* `% [! F+ q2 O+ ?6 |
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
' ]2 s. S* p, b5 ~) a" }20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
1 \1 w, G9 c: v3 Mof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
' h7 K7 i: Z0 `5 r3 Csolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,2 R) i- R8 K6 n- Q+ ?+ b
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development8 [# \& H8 V6 K* x
was age appropriate.' c4 n1 _0 T, ^# n: N3 |, m# U
The family history was remarkable for the father,* L* _/ h6 A  C  w  V+ a
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
- F. I) e' g* w! mwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
- Z! A, X3 i, v6 d/ ^0 c8 ~height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
/ Z- E4 `5 Y& {" p, Kearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.# g; A& b; u/ ^3 c7 _. P" [
The father denied taking any other medication. The7 u$ D5 d: ?$ a: c- B  a3 ]
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
- h1 C* x4 j  b& s* ^was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
, O! X/ E4 F0 _' H5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-' x9 _1 L2 t7 w1 Z/ h' x2 L
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
  C4 y* x+ j. I) @+ Y' xtives. There were no siblings.& G# X6 h% o/ s  P
Physical Examination
, E3 w0 M( N# R8 sThe physical examination revealed a very active,
% O3 w' c8 ~% j- `  [$ ?- Qplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented3 Q* |% b) y0 w1 Y
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was/ f( Z, Q) h; _1 r
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg0 a$ l; O0 s3 s* t! d; s# s
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
9 L4 a# M: p! P0 {' H9 [) d% nvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of% d. m8 n. q$ g1 @
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.$ Y; q+ ]; h* k0 X2 n5 o2 z, s* a% L2 L
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
; q, M2 A  V% Uenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
4 B/ B: @8 Z, _6 h8 X! B; x8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
: R% J& [* Q8 |: \- U+ z2 n* Kdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around. A. U+ ?' |! K7 Q+ R; r* z
540* M# r4 ?9 B% z
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ J9 k" p( U7 N3 G! F) h: B
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The8 [( }  a, L& q
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.' @' E: X6 a  j  j7 M
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat( t  _3 w6 g( l
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
* Q+ J) E- P, J$ w, l3 Tabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
$ P8 S4 x1 h  l0 K/ B6 r+ QNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+  Y/ f& f- {3 k9 j" m: U$ b
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
1 c$ d6 Y' f/ z: {of papilledema.3 }: W0 I* Y: d' g9 y! H
Laboratory Evaluation: C3 G( P) H0 A" o
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
$ B5 F  V0 D5 @3 Y3 N8 m+ vusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-8 Q/ k# J( B  ^
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal, W+ Y7 U7 [2 ]- Y
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test  R& _6 Y& u( R. l
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-- |  c; K. k2 V! d
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
+ x- D% D9 E3 [: g' J8 k: AThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood& h- [( {5 x- f: y6 x
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
7 |) {$ k* S( f# z; J: p/ m! `5 Hwithin normal range for his age. The concentration# G: f7 W/ {  O6 a
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL# ?1 \, x% {- S) W# T: S' m9 E( v
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20# l: h; p* l7 q" b$ R
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
: H2 v* u5 R* N3 K: X2 k; tterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),; p7 A6 c1 _5 [# O2 S
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
! h4 l+ [; k& P4 v; `5 e* s49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S), @- r  j+ c6 P9 o9 U
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
3 b$ P$ P) d  ntisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
8 G8 K+ \( [- j. C& m. k4 s) N8 |testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL)," N) I  I/ w9 @3 S0 u  {
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
* A6 O0 N$ d0 |# h! U5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular3 o5 O2 T: o% g/ h% h7 B
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
& ^7 _  _+ M/ `+ b& fconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
9 E" d: u! R/ N  R7 F, e(prepubertal).
" u+ |* k3 W6 ]8 k3 eThe parents were notified about the laboratory# b. k7 @- b1 c" J( X
results and were informed that all of the tests were
! y+ n6 b3 e' v" x8 y1 @normal except the testosterone level was high. The
" V* L; w, x( E6 _1 M3 ^1 v# ofollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to! i$ h! b7 `- |! j4 S
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-0 w3 y# P) T: S/ [. f+ c2 |) o
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.! K: o& d) @  T. c
Physical examination at this time revealed that the0 `: ]. S! I- ~1 ^. C
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
3 ]1 S  u) v0 i' p2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
6 [# U; j4 N9 I/ Z2 `unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-3 B/ Z( o% W/ z1 H6 ^
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at( F+ E; W+ C8 L1 N+ t5 [) x( B: w
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2/ M7 h2 Y& `6 L- }- |$ z
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
4 f) @" S- z0 y) |( q0 BThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
. V/ x, t- Q  B4 y- m2 |0 Iing frequent erections.0 X, d& N8 H  x5 f+ u
Both parents were again questioned about use of4 b. ?, A+ M. w. ]
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to0 f$ }  L+ p' T- t  @
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the7 J4 w& M3 L+ x
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541" ~6 F2 O! O" e- y: ?
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
# B+ K) i8 i7 P* |; cing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for5 Z1 L. j! y- j1 P* [# F
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
' u6 {& F6 l/ b2 I6 @* xto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
% Y5 R( Y* z! m' ^# O! Tscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
0 x; I9 y, q; ]; Usecondary to depression.
1 k; S2 n+ M9 Q& B6 X3 E% p5 XThe child slept in the same bed with parents.. `7 L# i# x" d3 L6 g* ?% b
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
' F+ u) [1 O6 Q+ W- W  fchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
& o- l, U/ J, o" }4 ynificant bare skin contact between baby and father.) k$ e+ r) p! p% |- x8 W3 A" y
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
9 l$ U6 w/ |  H* U0 Dwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby& C# l2 S% ^9 T6 @% s2 A
was high, he then read the product information
6 n3 j. w6 J, R) epacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
. j- a+ R% L$ j+ ?2 `5 oson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they* ]; R/ X1 g0 F
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
3 [2 r! e+ s4 u% c3 d  A3 a2 _1 ufather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
4 _. X! W4 z3 K* wbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone" i, z* M+ q" i: f6 w# J5 D
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
( _* \" J4 \+ V6 r8 G" }' Xlaboratory to obtain the test.% N5 y& K) J9 n6 y* q9 N, i0 `% g
Discussion6 M8 h0 T7 D# }
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
5 w: T6 O* q+ _) rsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4) W$ z' ?6 L& e+ Q" F2 d: J7 \
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
" p% v' }6 ~; e$ Sit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-7 f" i5 U/ y& V! j0 u) J
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-. s# y4 A& m' O4 }
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP% g- S: m4 K0 ~3 v9 D* V- c
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
: n% k' c( v- @* r- Nresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 D& k: G2 F7 N# z7 ]7 O! ]amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-+ J2 r. ^" t- L; _+ @9 u
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in6 P' N3 @# ?8 c- V  D
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
3 O( y$ P! c( U# M1 f, Qization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
1 m$ ^. Q; E$ X; B* ~rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
4 _% n' j4 F- ?' Cgonadotropins.1,3; f; a, L, j$ Y5 `
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-$ K, {; n3 F! B
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate" Y' V$ ]5 a2 v- S
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
" q" q. O. A+ J4 d- Pexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-7 _4 V$ z2 I. V$ w- w
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing+ x$ g' Y' }+ c/ n
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive7 c( u( E2 \+ n8 B- O# ^# G& [' \
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious& h3 H1 u$ p- }( M3 g& p
puberty in boys.3,4& }3 n# K+ c1 u* n! b
The most common form of congenital adrenal
2 S$ s( G+ W% b- Ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
# `1 `  i3 t, O4 dThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in/ T  f: H7 ]' a% O
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,2 S" I$ Z) j: ~  c: G
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen5 ^/ s7 e+ E) I0 T! ~2 f: e: e1 w" S
excess.1,30 w4 T$ b! }3 `
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. r( \) x  ]; d
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
- V) B/ A6 h7 p8 I1 f5 q4 NA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-8 r! a* q2 g  L( g
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
) O0 r- g$ \9 Y! A/ {5 N$ Tas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a$ p' Y4 w% }; ^* J! k; n
very young age. The physical findings in these boys! c& O: D% {$ {; K, [. X3 S5 q
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
8 R: n" B' R4 W7 uincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
. B% }$ c) g$ cwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder+ S6 o* b: o5 o: y, y$ Y
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
' e; J  a  ~( E7 j; ?' }pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
! _8 k7 E* o( {. m; u8 v4 q6 [releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked- C9 m$ f/ ?! U4 p7 Z
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only& U' t  |4 {0 [3 c
males; therefore, other male members of the family" @# G  t5 H* ~7 v' e$ q
may have similar precocious puberty.3
$ z  [- a" ~% L# T8 j- N2 Z! qIn our patient, physical examination was incon-" p4 l+ n& d3 y8 t% q8 Q; h
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
; G# G0 {/ v- f7 Z) ucles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis3 i: u5 m* s7 @: w% q- [0 [2 t
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
0 ^" y- x0 C! u$ ostarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
( f* P% s/ b0 r" H5 `$ d3 @testicular enlargement is not that evident in the; y" y+ [6 I# ?; c
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
; H( Z, }+ F6 k/ m. Aative initial history of androgen exposure, our" }9 S% Q" h3 F, _- h" G, z. D: L
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
' s) {1 V) x8 S. |6 ^$ Q! M3 geither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
, p9 r% y( t" k9 s0 M' K8 ]7 Vdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
1 S5 R% Z$ J% b- hing the normal level of adrenal steroids.8 l5 m: G+ v3 c6 b
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly' W3 F& y3 r8 y( q# D- |( d" x
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
$ u% _8 `# M0 ?# b* j% I  uthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
4 G# X7 I; i" I% j5 l1 Q. ?3 \pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and/ Y6 S3 h" r2 d+ ~" i) A: \
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
2 C4 x' B4 g8 j6 W( y; ^terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was7 k5 a) }; _( m
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’" \) r# R0 U5 ^$ ^& @, n/ x
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
- w, X( M  Y( i5 l6 I/ s# M1 e5 Tcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to5 q: a- w. O) c5 u: a8 @
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.6 M; g4 X% C- K, Q
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the) O) @! f- y) Z$ }$ K- {
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
9 a6 [3 c  e/ c3 l: _) ?( H, m) M  {even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male! R; s0 [5 i) G. f
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
) {$ B/ O9 S, `tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.  d) X# J/ ]0 k2 P7 w
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,, `( S: E/ W& ~$ v
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
* R( E# Z9 ~; U' Y* zdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
% D. g  |5 h* j/ J- R1 vterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
0 ?9 \; Y- Z! Z0 v4 K/ mactive in young children exposed to testosterone
" r% m3 J8 i0 C" J% f7 e0 qexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
' d- H. H/ R; f9 b2 n3 ]& Kdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
: N; ]  ?0 t) O9 V0 {* D4 h$ |/ ]8 I$ U$ @virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
" \! U4 E6 ?! X, U9 h# I0 E' Fchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and  o9 \: F3 M" R& q5 H
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.+ C# b/ [/ p# T
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
: Y6 O% |5 @* t4 p( |/ B+ kearly childhood on pubertal development and final
! o1 n% W" L$ @' m8 cadult height are not fully known and always remain
, |' {' J# @) v' E2 Q4 ^- s7 ca concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
6 F" ?' Q# i. R; p# {9 dterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some2 Z4 ~! H  t$ o/ G2 J" I
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
' E6 l$ _. E$ l; U7 u( Jcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation2 \' }" e0 G0 a6 _) {
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
, p+ N$ }7 M- XThere are conflicting reports and controversy0 ~$ s# u9 f( ?8 X
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
0 ^% f7 A- I$ Y* Hpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
: q7 ]4 t7 m0 p& W* \4 g' T" E5 dadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
/ Z* k, c' E' Dulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However," ~3 D$ X3 W; A" D6 Y
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between1 u8 I) \# A2 E# ?" n
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult$ m8 N6 @7 F; i& h/ ]# |9 x
penile length in clinical studies.; u: r. }7 ^& H$ O
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
0 h) d, Y+ W4 S/ u$ bgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from- |& w3 C) z: B: f
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
! C# H: D2 T" @+ y$ `. B/ @6 H3 othe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.0 E/ s! u' w; {1 \3 S; {/ [$ c5 t
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
2 `! R5 r9 {/ N4 adiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at: M* M9 ]) `" B
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult7 O6 _- w$ x7 z
height will not be affected./ u5 u; W4 e1 J6 k" P$ X! d7 u
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
/ R4 m' D( q. G& @ability of androgen products in our society may6 A: h( c8 O$ I& V; J2 n2 B  S
indeed cause more virilization in male or female! y$ G" `0 ^* S! G% U$ a
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
- Y/ R! o+ G% Jgen products must be considered and specific ques-" s5 j+ H" f! R; D& v; w2 ?
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or* L' s6 h: P( M7 ~2 C
gel should be asked of the family members during- e9 i* Y9 E& m3 X* ?6 W
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-8 a$ I  o0 ?( V" z3 ]
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-& h( O+ a9 S/ z
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by+ @# Z; ~- y' T7 Q# B
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a) a& N% ?! G0 {8 v' z
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may1 g3 R$ H* v8 ~" s( q' ]
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
; W' Q, T3 g6 D1 @investigation. The primary care physician should be
2 q1 H/ E6 h4 k7 S9 X: g* o  gaware of this fact, because most of these children
- |3 j6 P! Y- J" x1 R& Emay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
; e4 K4 J7 e1 v$ S. c" [$ ?Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
' I- {4 g. L! K1 R! @6 {0 Wwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or; x" t9 ]8 d) D6 }0 R; I; W- Z
female child who might come in contact with some-8 K, b" W! l0 q/ \2 M
one using any of these products.
+ s; J  I0 ^# J& L/ TReferences, H: _' X2 y8 T3 Y, |+ e, n0 W
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation, K2 R, ~$ o& Z5 p* }' L+ a
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
7 q, V% @/ b6 P* w: f5 d0 @Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
4 V. I1 s; D9 K2 Q4 s- ?2002: 565-628.
9 c0 I- W9 p  f. y. S2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
  G7 v' l% b; l* k) Mpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
6 i8 W; r' ~0 B5 G+ b+ t+ J% EBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
- Y, v! x/ x& a  ^1 x$ xExposure to Testosterone& M; k( b  z( {2 x5 \9 T5 T! d$ g
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2; G4 d' J, j8 A2 l/ z  {% h
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
1 ?0 P9 o0 [9 Y8 @) yClinical Pediatrics0 b- y- G7 ^5 O( Q( R$ t
Volume 46 Number 6
. F! {4 |8 P4 p- C# lJuly 2007 540-543# }" ^/ s9 w+ y3 ?
© 2007 Sage Publications8 Y, i1 t- T& z; x# a
10.1177/00099228062966510 X* e  [- D) r: W8 T
http://clp.sagepub.com
2 m% y- L4 ~+ x2 J) S$ I3 w/ Ghosted at3 [3 @5 D0 |& q; p; q( W( {& _
http://online.sagepub.com' o  B7 N- e; [
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,! w. c7 W$ n+ @. [
is a significant concern for physicians. Central% K) h) \! v5 }$ v! ]7 y2 M
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated1 B4 O% t8 W! _. ?" z9 e$ p( _
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has4 q% X  a* @- L0 A; W
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system! H# C- Z" I  A* c/ N4 V9 F
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested$ {0 d" s' k. v& s
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic$ N& B3 w2 ]" Z. i
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-, K8 F; [4 t7 |. O8 L$ S
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
- ?/ \3 |1 z; m' u8 R; Vreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
; M) r( U9 `. j( venlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-' n+ o) j5 z1 ^) ?) Z2 q8 o8 E& ~
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due% l" y) Z2 m! d4 `! q( C
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
; N! o7 b1 f% R& f* g4 T1 `the father. The family initially concealed this infor-! n5 [9 M- b9 R
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
, b( p% m% @, d* d  Jchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
: \6 ~5 U5 I: J+ }: i4 {7 K8 Atestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
4 x4 H" i8 s7 G8 P2 ~/ Xbly more common than the rare case report in the& _- Q% y" i3 g2 t- C* |# ?
literature.4
4 q! q3 h7 B* t2 A1 lPatient Report
. d5 @' f5 U" f7 `" N- bA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
' g) d! f# c8 q+ B6 Gendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern6 d8 O4 j7 f0 Q* }) R& o
of early sexual development. His mother noticed4 {3 ?8 N  D. x! Z+ t! x
light colored pubic hair development when he was
5 e* U2 U$ V- m2 H1 n! J8 aFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
" _8 ~8 O2 o( `7 C+ T+ Y( uSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
( |$ J0 {) b0 @$ BAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,, L2 S3 M% g; [5 Y3 Y
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
& U: _- X% _- ]: D8 H) N, jMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;+ Q( P3 C$ ?& |0 G$ k$ G3 u
e-mail: [email protected].
. j$ J" S- V0 Mabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became8 M( m3 k' _" z: L
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-9 A# P6 Y/ Y  r) ~- ]8 p
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
2 M# Q5 B& ^' Fwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with2 S& s& \% v4 M) y  y6 \
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
( e3 _; R7 v$ L/ o20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
+ ?5 o2 C! ~$ ?of life and was still receiving breast milk along with. S# G: r7 V% |
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,# ]- C+ s6 P% U7 v& O" j1 i# X
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
3 s  O& E( o4 o( t) Bwas age appropriate.- f  G6 l1 H: p0 m+ m
The family history was remarkable for the father,2 e4 l+ C( X& w' F) Q% o
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
; i1 x: P6 h5 L8 P  S5 Uwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
( H* r9 B5 o! qheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat  h* F* \8 k) w
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
6 I9 {( N5 S& O- q- ]6 `The father denied taking any other medication. The
+ F- r6 \# J- `child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche. c. W4 X+ ]( L2 \5 [- t
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
% y. x; M5 Y9 E# K. R5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-- O# S0 s2 V6 T9 [( n+ |, i
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
) T8 X/ L$ c- `5 D* E% t' ftives. There were no siblings.. E& c6 R/ b$ R5 r7 n
Physical Examination. a" ^& m3 N2 `/ G  K7 G$ o
The physical examination revealed a very active,8 k8 I+ b+ b, l/ L( H0 m; `
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented/ L3 a2 T  y+ [
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
  z4 e; N; P% i90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
9 s) [9 z9 Y# n. [: Z3 P# M$ q(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
! l* {. B* p& Zvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of8 }: ]) k+ h1 Y9 c
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.- [  c- I( N' \- @% ?- H1 K
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for  L: r1 ~7 i# h7 j4 ]
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
* m' m" O* I9 f& `8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
) N/ q9 F& B( f4 m) Ideveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around: d+ ^: ?% }1 v9 v" g- g
540
+ ]8 W( X0 I: J7 W$ j$ q2 zat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
: ]+ O" }1 |) cthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
1 R  a0 s+ U3 s$ z. ]: g1 G$ `testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
0 u3 y9 B+ b8 w9 R/ TThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat0 I7 i# g- B7 C
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
" e* Y% D/ M0 C6 N4 t  v/ I, Vabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.0 q4 X/ Z% S) W) s, k
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+0 F% F2 O8 W8 Q; ]3 ^
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion! h# Y5 m7 m4 N, y: K0 v
of papilledema.5 h( p- p. \# l; V1 k4 p
Laboratory Evaluation2 }/ U: W9 U' Z( Z
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
: J* w- ^5 e# z2 h! H$ F$ Pusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
. K4 p& D0 U! e# Llogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
7 d# O- @6 Z- M: i9 h$ B2 dkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test% x/ V; R- v' I! j! v0 Z3 k
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-* X! j5 ~4 W. g6 C# b1 N! p7 L
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).9 n' q: M- {# ~# v; K
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood+ y) X% A9 ^, c: }0 b& O
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
% a% T+ @: S0 e% ?/ qwithin normal range for his age. The concentration+ u$ F. H3 L+ K5 e" i2 l; [
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
/ e6 f. P0 ]/ f3 }- B(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
8 D+ P* s: ^, d; _3 \  P+ a- `" Bng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-4 j- B$ K/ I8 \) B
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),( S  h) U% p. h( {
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
1 B, _3 P; J) z. j* T49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)2 ~, B/ D0 v/ O6 L
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-% M" x3 u7 Z+ u4 f5 _
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
8 s4 m, T6 U) o% ^testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),, v! H& P. k( `+ Q9 p5 }
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than  j# X' A4 m3 @
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
+ ~5 }( D# H; Z3 c4 w" j! Z# @stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
4 s% c/ ~; z% O  Gconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
$ ?+ w- q- u& z5 Y) M(prepubertal).( B' ?/ r7 j. w. M
The parents were notified about the laboratory
+ ~$ B* v# Z3 \results and were informed that all of the tests were. Q+ ?( z' ?! n2 v! r- H" y
normal except the testosterone level was high. The0 e* I$ I4 t/ X) O
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
2 ^2 D/ n* g* Z% D4 M9 h+ H/ Kobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
3 R2 d2 e1 z: C4 p5 F& F6 ~2 Jever, the family did not return for 4 months.
: J' `( X# G5 p3 M, E0 IPhysical examination at this time revealed that the. L2 s5 F- S. J. D; S, Z" p
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
9 ^5 z5 ^; D* @2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained+ n- D4 K) {) N# ]3 {' M
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
4 h4 e1 h$ C+ b. Ipletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at- M6 q  R; ~" @( c/ j
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 24 R: v/ u2 |) @
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
9 h& q* Y' F7 `0 p& W% A/ uThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
1 w( Q7 K/ D. |- eing frequent erections.* ~( D, Z6 H$ z- t) J( K
Both parents were again questioned about use of
7 W3 V# M' H4 Zany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
$ n1 o$ Q& w  q) H7 fthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
# I- `3 P; a2 t$ c4 _Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
$ ~. U9 Y; X/ \& v9 iuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
- g7 J8 _; @' G  L# Aing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
7 ]: t5 z7 a3 fa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
# R: }' @7 d- t% fto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-4 v! _1 N: X* o  I! r( J
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido- i% r& B5 z: E" h" C
secondary to depression.
  b6 P& X' e+ C# _The child slept in the same bed with parents.
  w3 R; F! P$ o! ~- a( _1 TThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his4 x' F# H5 m" H/ o( G/ U# D3 l7 h
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ Y9 T5 L& M" b% {& _+ U  d
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
0 L8 q* T3 J4 E+ P8 bThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
* Y( O! h) b$ Iwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
* u7 ~0 @* V( R# A/ q' r" S5 s! ^was high, he then read the product information
* j; d; w& b1 T5 u- M/ h8 wpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
2 h  n( j: P" J5 P: t6 T; T, {son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
$ y. ?* U% U8 _  x/ ]8 @, Odecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
4 F: E9 j8 K3 n/ X! ofather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
5 t" K, E) L4 U& Obeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone( G* [8 |0 [9 B, \
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the' O$ k" C, {9 z
laboratory to obtain the test.) _" |/ D' L" Z9 i4 I7 {
Discussion# ~" I; y& r; \" U. |8 H
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
: ?- i4 h+ [" Nsexual development before 9 years of age.1,43 R0 y2 K- k; F+ H5 g/ @5 i
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when- Y, f; `5 h8 [
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-" i* ^+ \) y% M+ e9 D8 d
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-: R: K% M6 B3 u. e" @, ^9 k: x
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
" U9 N, _. W% T' u7 T7 R5 |may have a central nervous system lesion that is( e3 i4 \" X+ L$ t! _
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-- E& Q7 Q. Z8 L! m6 `
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
4 p) v- x8 b1 V; b& [% q. \sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
2 J" T3 a8 C" W# Y" r& J' i" Aboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
  C$ M4 D; b6 p! o  z0 iization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-, r/ d5 T$ [) Z7 Q# q& m
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
% `) u0 r( Q3 C. {* }gonadotropins.1,3
" K. @( P/ W" {# wGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
$ D: ~6 V* R3 h" c, bcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
( e% R. C) c# T) t% x5 Bandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or6 L* \0 T4 h! J( N7 s( A# Z" Y- H
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-' a8 V; R1 v% u/ d' ]( @# i
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
; ]8 F# A9 R3 E6 y* m- l" _( ncongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
$ y8 A7 B/ s$ G1 h$ wadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious9 L" d: [/ U6 S# `4 z3 M
puberty in boys.3,4; C. G' g3 x; V3 y0 D* E
The most common form of congenital adrenal
+ d- ]3 ^% N0 S! m6 c& A7 mhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.0 {9 A, M) i6 X' y
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
5 b* i0 R1 t7 o& W4 Uexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
& a5 {& R1 e/ g6 _; gan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
! b" U2 o9 V; n& d  {9 uexcess.1,3
+ {5 }; B1 Q. L% E  M, \at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ B4 v8 g* ?4 O4 e
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
) \  M  B( ?7 K" W4 OA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-/ A& {( d$ l  L" P# S! C. F
independent precocious puberty, which is also known3 E, t. o# e! V1 h0 b- A0 G
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
7 p) ?7 b+ a5 E3 \, F5 ?. c) N3 v/ V3 ~6 Fvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
! ]2 N! i5 d1 b; b1 T" vwith this disorder are full pubertal development,2 ?  O- ?& l4 [4 V9 T( x7 E4 `
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
0 q4 G9 Q9 E/ u  `( `with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder1 [9 {+ P, o  p0 y
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
+ G* P! j3 u) n: v7 w4 ypubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-3 v+ G3 J- e+ ~( O
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked4 z5 S. z$ u6 F6 n/ D
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
; r5 \) {3 K7 q% u' N) M) G3 cmales; therefore, other male members of the family4 w$ _/ j2 C8 {  B' T; {: v
may have similar precocious puberty.3
! l! e9 }# G% i3 nIn our patient, physical examination was incon-, n. _* h7 k8 w/ W9 u" s' m; |
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-! U, X% I" g' g$ _  M
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis1 \, H9 F; O9 @" z/ P6 d# I  _
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
: B; n0 b# x* F3 p" t! D; ]started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,  T9 o4 P- E. r- W
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the. S0 t# A& u# F. L
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-$ N# C# |" i( T, |5 \' i4 I0 u+ Q
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
& H3 N9 K: C7 n; S, Hbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,: E: D' m2 L6 A) h% |- p) B1 B
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
# V( I! V' c: Rdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
& j4 g; l2 j1 P3 ?! Ging the normal level of adrenal steroids.% ?0 _2 r& V; o4 c7 [5 l$ x6 F
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
. I% u5 D: G! y& I4 t' V7 W/ Ssuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
" S9 p1 u. [% q. z  ?# M  ?the physical examination revealed the complete disap-2 j6 W( T4 _2 e# {3 l# m- T
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
$ w5 k3 D- J8 \+ hdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
6 z6 e! I' s6 j9 t" e; Mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
6 u+ [: }) J8 v2 z& y% t$ b, Xusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’- i8 h' q# k/ q  X) L
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
& b" T  \0 }  u1 ?7 Q0 l6 tcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
- `$ ]7 a7 D; f6 V% l, Y+ o8 Munprotected females through direct skin exposure./ k& h, e7 a2 w9 ?2 k; I: x" J
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
  h  ?6 D. ]) k+ Q$ H. pbaseline value in those females who were exposed to$ P9 q0 y, i8 Q: q$ y
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male/ ^" r7 n8 ~1 n2 F. W7 U
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-1 b# p$ l% l- ^
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
# i; }( Z+ |8 c* TOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,5 X% ?7 q8 K7 {9 q0 z
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
  n( H! M5 D+ L' r9 Gdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-9 O+ T8 m! \7 F6 J' A8 s/ Z
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
: D! R2 W% v9 o4 Y# s$ F5 Jactive in young children exposed to testosterone* {! p% o) {% \
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-* h9 z3 S4 d1 E+ T$ n
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
: S& r# `1 G. d# U5 V: wvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
/ l/ @: w5 Q; F7 Z  Nchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
4 K/ V/ T4 @4 u3 u; v& {advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
" }3 {: R# y2 Y4 g2 PThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during& [$ K5 W6 i5 Y: t3 W( z$ c
early childhood on pubertal development and final
9 D, N; G5 b) A- g: M8 Z& tadult height are not fully known and always remain
5 `- m/ F0 F& N  ?$ f1 qa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-2 t; }1 c- f( ]
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some2 s+ C4 b  L# R' b" Q$ [
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after4 s8 T2 j. U* f, _# E. V' y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
: I; a' @, ]$ @, sdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9- g9 P4 z" C, {, l+ E  v
There are conflicting reports and controversy
( C2 ^. v0 U8 e4 k' y! @over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult4 b% g+ @! r' [. d- B" f
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
: X4 k& S% f( {- m! k0 {! x* L' B6 Dadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
- @) y* a$ B) I3 zulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,1 p) |" `  r" q3 e/ ?% Q
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. A' A+ d# F6 [' r% s  Hchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
+ c" g" c9 w! e' D; r0 o: Fpenile length in clinical studies.
1 h& B( @/ l- o0 N: jNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is" k3 I$ T# H. D# _1 ]
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
2 ^" c; m/ e6 V" B( @4 c9 Stestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because* q: {4 o) w7 y- b+ o0 d
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
" w4 P) H8 s, ^3 T4 m7 J; JAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
3 P: ~+ F2 c2 A$ b/ I# bdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
# P, F" q! \0 dthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult1 A6 E3 _9 l9 @, W
height will not be affected.
" q( c2 F, y6 ~. y% yAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
! X5 ~$ n+ v4 _9 L; ?9 rability of androgen products in our society may
5 e# S" {! b, O, E$ W5 Rindeed cause more virilization in male or female
" A. C5 [5 F* O/ }1 I6 x! d8 y7 Hchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
$ C, ^" ~/ L8 G- u0 W3 zgen products must be considered and specific ques-
' Q/ }) V1 v& l4 D/ N" ktioning about the use of a testosterone product or8 g* D$ l9 W- N, u! i$ A) x; |9 b
gel should be asked of the family members during# s+ Q" k; i' q6 [) {+ }
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
5 o2 E5 ?) i( v6 l5 Y& X+ c2 f% A9 cilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-4 V+ d8 T7 n4 K; P  r7 J; S* u
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
  N2 w( L1 o+ L2 @appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
- S% q$ @) |9 m1 Y" |- w# whistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
. ]1 M- \" Z) @  B0 Mresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive4 }8 [% [3 s7 M5 }  }
investigation. The primary care physician should be$ R# ]$ Z. R$ h( u) B
aware of this fact, because most of these children; n+ i* [8 V8 i! D$ T' ^" K! r
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’5 v0 x8 S" }" b9 O# `
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a' P  ?" b- j+ u$ r8 B( d, P  f
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
  U2 R* `4 M' L+ P5 F& Qfemale child who might come in contact with some-0 L6 q0 w1 V2 x7 l
one using any of these products.
2 b5 g) N1 J/ D* \( N/ pReferences
- }. T4 S4 o' n& q& I1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
% ]( R) G: d5 Vand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric& w7 n0 V2 K2 ]# }9 `
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;0 W  W6 |3 q8 f
2002: 565-628.
3 A$ l! c, X4 N' |  l9 u2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
7 m. Z: Q6 V; Y( ~! u3 a4 ?puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
5 o; u' U* t8 }7 W0 p/ I) O( `1 G& T
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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