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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
- ~! c% r- Z- K8 F; lBoy Induced by Indirect Topical# K/ N+ {) |/ G5 r/ [$ f, d1 m
Exposure to Testosterone
& P4 d6 Y4 T, }+ B' D; o) cSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2+ E, j/ W" J I( l
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
+ a( ~2 B8 ?8 V4 b# dClinical Pediatrics
9 p6 J$ L$ d0 ^' Z3 d VVolume 46 Number 69 j! |1 T$ m6 t+ @% ?
July 2007 540-543
8 G2 h# ^% L& |7 Z# c© 2007 Sage Publications0 Z! {+ g7 Y, P* r5 t! |: b# K# {
10.1177/0009922806296651
& j. f# J; T- D5 M3 Ehttp://clp.sagepub.com& P1 e/ A2 \3 Z. t- u( |
hosted at" |( F n1 e6 j/ `& E2 O% J/ O+ D
http://online.sagepub.com
2 a9 L# e$ Z `; c5 wPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
# O2 |) e' A6 [, j3 w0 Lis a significant concern for physicians. Central
$ S+ s; d/ K9 Jprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
( V! }1 }* N' Q$ Ythrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has1 q' O. S% u1 `! w) L% `' k! p
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system) M/ v0 i, Y- c' W# A* c+ [
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
2 W/ ^" w3 z# d$ G `$ e' U' H( Kby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
O& z; b+ W# C6 `9 q" lhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-' y7 X) _1 V& V+ p+ i) }+ Z7 s
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
) f8 n: J- W1 t/ B3 O. u8 vreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
9 ^ `3 ]) Y6 c* uenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
" i$ w8 l* {& F# bment without testicular enlargement, which was due
J% w. N5 t8 R0 O7 z8 Q; c% Tto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by' R' }3 _, K7 J, w8 O( f1 @2 J1 ~: M
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
* _3 `' r7 s1 ` k) K3 V# ^mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
D. R1 j' r; J9 v! b: b% L. xchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of0 I; r0 a4 O- N' d: v- x% ~: i8 v. k
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-% ^/ [& I& r$ N+ X8 N/ C
bly more common than the rare case report in the6 q6 a/ O5 [; a9 `8 M0 t* d
literature.4
( V& e0 S' T) BPatient Report
4 N( z* |" n5 ? H5 {A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
: n/ k% V; j8 v$ xendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern- U1 ^. b; {* x
of early sexual development. His mother noticed6 Q, u6 u0 n) ^4 a! j3 D% a
light colored pubic hair development when he was/ J6 w) L! e' F- m: O& m
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
# P9 U' {( J) |) B4 d+ ]$ T3 nSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.2 \( j: H. C( F6 V+ |$ e
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
5 |: S9 q; k0 d. eProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
, D4 A) i, B( @, ^3 ?% `8 @- QMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
0 A0 H$ n1 N2 G6 {" J+ U! ze-mail: [email protected].- R" J3 V2 T& Z
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became4 [& n) p* Z1 n! G
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
& U7 N1 e+ ~9 x* Z1 { ument of his penis and frequent erections. The child
; q: G# p! y; ~. b* |was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with/ h R* \7 a. ?7 g8 G* y; W
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of7 U1 B& P" b: h7 U- p, Z
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
* l H: o$ L# `of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
5 u4 [) Y% H' L) ysolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery," L4 D3 P( Q' d7 N1 K# D2 n+ L
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development, K$ P8 d; ]" F& _
was age appropriate.
& C U5 |9 r. v. `: q( m- c6 Y( jThe family history was remarkable for the father, ?/ `5 [$ ]; h- o+ V
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16, |- N$ ]3 o& w4 w0 K9 @
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
7 M' M2 J7 ?* z7 k6 R* Bheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat2 \$ M g7 _' D, n! Z n+ \
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
1 Q' E; N( k+ {6 H0 XThe father denied taking any other medication. The8 O, N9 v) `( ^' S( q" @, @& Q
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche2 N& u& g# S8 {2 G; k! q
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
5 s/ u' }9 L' y& [* Y( |5 [5 P5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
4 z2 B' e L6 _! ], m( }cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
6 |" k5 T3 I6 e \tives. There were no siblings.
0 s7 H# Y. [- [, j! @2 UPhysical Examination4 p' P5 X; x' q0 R
The physical examination revealed a very active,* G& n6 }; {/ v" V
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
9 a- ^9 s- `& _: B/ ua blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
% P, f+ h/ T" r" x90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
. [. @ U$ e$ }8 V1 J(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth# M3 e7 r3 B0 S& r8 {
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of O5 }6 e- Z; Q
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.( A, ~2 p. T6 D
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for# B. c* S2 `, l) ]: d; d
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 t6 E7 G( J6 X2 M$ e; e2 V- p) N
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well. K8 l7 h1 N# \: L6 w1 p) w) m0 D
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around' O2 ?4 I/ i0 v/ P
5404 l9 n( K7 G! [/ g/ ]. E4 q! J; [
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the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
! T- }/ P: |" i, ~ x; Ftesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
2 J& ? o9 c3 t5 o0 n& v- x0 zThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
4 f% |. W# E+ K. r3 _) w8 x; |oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no# E8 D/ J% A. |& ?( X
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.4 o2 m+ a+ a; ^" ?, \4 Y, r
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
$ V3 n7 l0 I/ J! V. Z! e' ?, {bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion5 S; z# D+ f: K5 P
of papilledema.
7 ?0 o0 z1 c. R* b- d9 v! ] QLaboratory Evaluation
1 _; v2 V2 t7 y3 m( i- mThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by; u5 A8 M% l' C/ ^
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
6 Y0 ]. v6 }" i2 Plogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
. _' P1 S+ G8 H8 \9 z6 v3 Tkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test8 w+ \: u4 e& Q, Q' I8 u W t, j
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-# E# B; O% `. @* o2 W
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
& q! ^/ a* [, q. e" i9 H# i# EThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
2 @' I5 G0 v' `( T0 Rurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
9 P1 S( N! o. Cwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
, Z6 O7 O8 v$ M' G1 m( y3 d3 p& k9 jof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
; K* A( q* j2 e4 o" l9 _(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20$ r, O# _7 U! @6 v% T8 x' D- u
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-7 E& G" I7 K! f& ~, R1 J8 L
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
. t+ Q6 Y5 s" i) |/ j' Udesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
& ~: i% e! M6 U8 D T0 q49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)- r% S* W+ D b. K
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-& @& V0 F% R! ^: a1 b$ N
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
8 ]+ B+ y* g* i& itestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
: {3 e, \! _5 ^7 Band β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
3 f" t+ p/ [" N5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular! J I4 n5 R: W4 @$ h: j$ @
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
, z1 r( T( x2 \concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL3 p" u. `1 Z$ R
(prepubertal).1 J+ S7 O4 M5 u: u
The parents were notified about the laboratory; j. y z @: H: ]
results and were informed that all of the tests were0 m- F: T" h4 e
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
& F+ y3 H; F( ^8 j H/ efollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to1 G1 M# E( E; I% ^9 Q6 Z7 B
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-) Q: o! b) N/ h& f7 Z" m9 d3 {; Z
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
0 O& ]% \ O& e2 \3 H, Z4 kPhysical examination at this time revealed that the( v+ E- L6 T' b, t/ \: `' o) W
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained3 h2 ~( h6 _3 Q: ~8 [7 J
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained+ I9 p3 S6 F' p. {- k k8 q
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
& r$ l0 ?7 s# a5 |pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 A: D* m8 H' Q j
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
. C* {( ]8 X' M0 }2 RmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged./ K$ ?9 U$ z3 V) }) j, a; i& d3 _
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
$ c' q' z7 k/ S7 @. N! ming frequent erections.' X) \$ L$ c2 V/ G; y5 j
Both parents were again questioned about use of
# J% y! S' e- ^0 Jany ointment/creams that they may have applied to8 F3 D) L ^3 Q* N2 A/ R
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
* ?# w3 y; I& Z% KTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
" U& B5 Y# M5 I% I2 puse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
M' {! J8 d! E4 X; g/ d. M% n$ ]# _ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for' O% i [5 _( T* {
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed9 U- G# m) M- ?' U- Z" \* B
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-+ i( ^! r6 h5 c6 ^) I
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido( v; f6 ], u% \+ F+ _' A
secondary to depression.# ~ W" U- S' ~5 Q$ B) F! i, w
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
( h3 k$ F& g6 y$ nThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
1 f9 [, G! M% Y- K* l% ^9 ^* Bchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
1 _0 ]4 V8 c8 v- G4 [& X" |nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.3 l/ ^" E/ g' s
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
/ p/ P! r" W7 V1 p- H4 x- ]when he learned the testosterone level in the baby3 b& r4 @; O* g4 V8 N! J
was high, he then read the product information
( q3 @: i7 {6 Y# \+ w4 |8 Ipacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
( D! \! U# U# s7 _son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
* `$ u2 l4 ^) p5 S. ydecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the ?, S" {# V [6 W* ^+ }/ D
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had. M3 J0 H! W' p4 x
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone7 d+ v. w+ Y% O. O2 x! ]7 Y
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
+ P3 q$ c& g" g2 ilaboratory to obtain the test.
! ?8 I S) f- K1 r9 z6 ~' NDiscussion' @# X$ w+ f/ \2 s3 w9 ^. @
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
; i5 A o/ W6 l3 S% Z6 p0 p. ]+ _6 csexual development before 9 years of age.1,4' s5 n+ E* H# g8 {) f
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
" ~3 X9 L# }+ L# f. b7 Git is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
4 x' B( a n& a1 j" |; f Z% Nthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
" X/ h7 I- v; k o4 qmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
2 S7 Y' s" z+ pmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
' c! k1 i6 I! iresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal- [8 w* b* `% m, R: V3 X: Z, d
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-8 X+ E h) N* @- U, K8 Z" X
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in, ^: I+ }0 h$ i7 i- c! |( y) {" P
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-' d! O7 s& }! X! Y' |0 K% m8 J$ \
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
% v# f1 ^3 F5 S) V8 xrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
O; n$ D0 E4 w- K! c4 x4 c9 Pgonadotropins.1,3) W# @' U7 ]: {
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-: M G9 T+ s( {. W1 q4 f$ w) r
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
) J' i- {5 C7 `% I( E" ~androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
7 S$ _' @" c- k* ?7 ]exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-7 D5 y; A( E& n! d6 O E
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing: |; t X- L5 j) y4 N2 z6 v3 }, u& Q
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive# I+ |# {2 R/ l0 v8 t
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
: T D% ]& Z0 {0 X. Ppuberty in boys.3,4
9 c# H, r' H. PThe most common form of congenital adrenal H, }: k1 G1 H* ^0 P2 x7 A
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
9 i' L) ~( D# c4 c! FThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in; P! d# d" p' r8 l
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,2 |- N+ n" a: v l& z
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen! Z* R8 y D! b" j( a' f$ `6 c
excess.1,3
/ U T/ v, e& Wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 z- v+ c0 o: X0 p- T8 C
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
; V" W& A6 n* V% ~2 qA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-8 Y9 n# }! B4 b. i. _6 `
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
( `4 t V7 W; B# |+ O# Jas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
& {/ S* L; Q/ z5 f0 i$ W7 s2 n0 K5 rvery young age. The physical findings in these boys% B% @ u3 l+ O4 e i7 e1 ?6 M
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
, D& X( `$ S% o# h& k9 F% Rincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
# Z3 n6 g z* F }, V) i/ Owith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
, g) V0 E4 N: U& n' r, care suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show; A+ s6 V! ^0 J. I, I3 C
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
8 ^+ K7 f* q# a9 f/ s" Jreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
4 ^4 D [5 p% Y+ a& Q4 F3 Eautosomal dominant disorder that affects only2 t+ i. k- h* ~' f
males; therefore, other male members of the family
/ z0 W" q: z: G nmay have similar precocious puberty.3- g- l# `* m( i
In our patient, physical examination was incon-+ K# g' H* S% t& E Y
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
' D/ m9 _6 z I2 Q7 b: Gcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
- @2 ?2 b/ J& ~& s1 Lwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
7 s) x, G( H3 e1 l1 L5 zstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
& `5 o3 I5 b; i% W) ]testicular enlargement is not that evident in the) ?6 a* W0 v T+ b; o
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-# P/ B' i7 p7 U4 G. w
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
8 l4 z& }+ c/ n6 Vbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
2 b; ], m) d& x# @. o+ Teither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase( {$ ?" ?, C7 n+ P5 ^ {
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
" Z4 n: [. s$ M7 x# n0 i' c' ^ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.9 k- |7 z+ S+ H( H6 \7 a! Z( V
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
8 g: G6 k* I1 q9 ]) i% F" jsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
, j) ~& x4 f( G6 Q; {the physical examination revealed the complete disap-% \8 G# @% x1 u. i5 |
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
7 W9 L! g: [ l/ @+ Y4 g# jdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
1 ^0 I4 r7 M v( Y. R' Oterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was. @% z/ l- o3 w+ I. [
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
/ i1 ^! o( Q* a L; ]2 _* V# O$ }Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
% O/ i+ o) P3 I0 v7 n6 {cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to; \/ |/ t; H$ E( I/ F2 W
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.2 U: l: u. T8 p4 K8 |3 ]' W' r
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
8 n0 I4 x" S. N% zbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 ]3 g2 s9 C* b( Oeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
( A0 K9 [- `- X# V, k& j& fpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
$ `9 v& r! d! Z7 E* }) i' T* v3 \tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.* S, X/ z3 D: i g1 {5 n0 a& s
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,$ }! }; F! o: q
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that8 ~6 A' W0 b% j- I8 J/ v5 Q ^
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-! z% q( q t E2 @9 p3 T/ u
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
( W% }# G5 A: @3 z; l; Z5 _active in young children exposed to testosterone7 ?/ z0 O, B. P: K
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-0 q! G1 \6 F, D2 c4 F" E+ R: }
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
, Z8 l& O, T9 r. Zvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in9 C1 @& [3 T) _+ R- U v$ p
children results in an increase in growth velocity and8 X3 Q" }- A; k6 ]( G' I
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
6 w/ Y- T2 r* F" w; ZThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during. N0 d0 G5 O; R
early childhood on pubertal development and final. m+ V. W/ Q( D8 J" U
adult height are not fully known and always remain9 X3 Z) P5 J& }$ a8 C+ ]/ l
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
! `: H' E% }' d0 q8 X$ ]terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some& B( y( c6 r6 X( A- j
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after& n; P! t! P/ S) S: u" l4 u; [& e% Y4 ~
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation6 o* Q3 i6 s" W0 R
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
; {: F5 e0 ?5 u4 u3 Y9 cThere are conflicting reports and controversy2 {8 l! L9 u+ z# g
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult- F$ g: ]" V4 x- i
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal$ F4 _1 D( c/ u7 U5 t0 n2 K3 ^% o
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-2 Y7 \& r1 F& D
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However, ?5 q3 T$ [. b, c
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between5 L" @- k4 W& n& A& D7 I
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult0 n7 e# m- ]4 w% q5 y
penile length in clinical studies.2 R- M. W/ _0 s' g( P
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is d* u0 v: r: v2 j4 F
going to experience any of the untoward effects from$ F& J* Z; y7 U) d* }1 \
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because$ h& e: A# S0 r5 D' u9 d7 A
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.: \9 a; K* x2 p1 f$ B, I6 V7 B
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of' [. ~5 M& p% p! n, a
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at2 C% b5 D+ Q- W. W5 }7 j
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult- ^6 R8 ?2 B3 [
height will not be affected." }7 ^6 N6 x* R0 ?' S; C x
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-; ]" o5 i# r( j4 v, j- R- Y; |$ ~
ability of androgen products in our society may
/ S# H3 A# V( Xindeed cause more virilization in male or female
) g" |0 I8 ], z) M4 gchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
: m2 t' @9 X% }6 T6 |: Ogen products must be considered and specific ques-
) M) a: N( C( q% C; ~+ O$ q7 g' Ztioning about the use of a testosterone product or$ s# k6 S! ?; T+ j6 I
gel should be asked of the family members during( v# h5 {! a' j
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
8 A% I0 R( { m0 G8 t3 zilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-& T3 C$ Y- c7 }% r. x) i( f) q; X% O
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by6 x6 G9 Z u1 v' e
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a# N j) [4 @$ I- N
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may3 k( B6 ]! E2 f* C; T2 ^
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive, z* d% P$ }9 y7 N6 f6 A& C
investigation. The primary care physician should be! i5 q" W0 M$ h/ t& U5 L2 T
aware of this fact, because most of these children9 K* H! k8 q& H( S, w$ g
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’3 I4 W( t7 F& s c* g
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
8 `* f" U3 I6 u0 O# A' r5 J- lwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
- t# O' U- {5 R: V+ s) xfemale child who might come in contact with some-
4 r# y% O, h3 K- D- Vone using any of these products.% B" a& i4 _0 Y# q3 D4 k
References) ?) _) \. `8 T2 z
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation2 N& t2 m+ f3 q* d* a/ G
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric8 j0 x2 y& z3 B. O/ H
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;, C& H/ i& H! f1 V
2002: 565-628.0 T! K9 a: S) z# `
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious6 ]! S! \1 B; Z* d
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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