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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old/ g  {2 g# x; ^* d: Z
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical) d9 W% }! d; k; u
Exposure to Testosterone
8 ]7 u4 G" H$ W% g1 KSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2+ ^# }# ^& n# C9 d" e9 ~$ ?  V
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
  y( U) U5 M9 Z1 f) T& BClinical Pediatrics$ t( V. d  j: n9 a
Volume 46 Number 63 f; y5 H9 x2 M( f: Q( A  p% F
July 2007 540-543
2 ~# i9 O! l: L8 \© 2007 Sage Publications. d2 J1 r" z( G5 p  W3 |
10.1177/0009922806296651
" j) i8 C6 P" K6 n( g- R7 hhttp://clp.sagepub.com
  a/ i* x! V7 p0 H; E1 Shosted at
8 T% X# l. ^4 l) V9 I6 xhttp://online.sagepub.com
" y4 _- V/ u' P" Q9 JPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,' ~* B, z) X" b6 w1 T0 L
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
, t% r2 C& _% ^, _" {precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated8 b+ a% r; h; g
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has- ]. Z* m/ ~4 k6 g/ y7 m$ l0 C
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
4 R' ]8 Z8 I: S' W" s5 m9 Mlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
% l7 g% a+ T6 J+ q3 O1 [by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic$ N7 S6 M9 G5 ^9 u% ~! G
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
1 m3 ]+ c1 H& n) r( d  m: W5 p1 Tcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We" S. c' L4 B3 D  ?7 s# n/ y
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the" B8 e) t  U: j* e) \/ p
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
% M' L$ ]3 @/ E% c3 ^6 ^ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
3 N9 r# b8 F7 g, j5 c$ V6 {) Kto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
7 K( E$ I; t; N; Ethe father. The family initially concealed this infor-% ?) W  l. N* e- R
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
- E5 F, V7 R+ K9 r7 E. Z' ~. Rchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
9 U  L$ L$ O  X/ L2 w4 gtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
- z% \& F) h! l$ P( h1 Z* I7 h. {7 `9 _bly more common than the rare case report in the, z0 |$ _* A1 p- ?/ y& M
literature.49 t2 k( O9 O$ j
Patient Report1 a0 c! {1 h; L0 g; h
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the% g" T; |5 {, x$ ^1 k3 N6 r
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
: t( r4 g2 T, o" l2 {, n1 n' L* wof early sexual development. His mother noticed& i% |: v$ \2 Z) l
light colored pubic hair development when he was
& E" ~. U; r/ C3 H9 vFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of3 B7 w4 x0 g3 O. W
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.: g  E  n( j& v4 B
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,3 B, J( h2 J$ f( j, \
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of2 ]" y# f% u. D" U) x0 M
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
- ~6 @; B: ^+ e- W0 L* e2 M3 e- Ie-mail: [email protected].
% g0 [1 Q7 d& z8 T% Rabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
; f4 P0 o) Y/ i/ q' y3 P0 jdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
7 W( P6 u' H4 o9 e7 ?ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
4 E0 I( s8 P0 n& twas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with* e( i" O5 L* B4 W. o) c* a
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of9 L( h( t4 t) p# ^
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
) {& s% r9 ?# W+ E4 Pof life and was still receiving breast milk along with  }1 S. K: ]0 Z) F( [# z5 j
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
) T# h% ]" b) H2 Yand his psychosocial and psychomotor development( P3 e* b! E  o
was age appropriate.% P. Q+ n# n5 _+ o" b' ~
The family history was remarkable for the father,/ [& i  Q( Z9 A1 e1 Z2 x
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
7 d. I% Q& |- o- k* l7 g7 rwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s$ z$ T: ]. j! c9 `+ y
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
2 ^& ?* I* e' \/ s; S6 Cearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
2 `& V$ a' {8 r. }( FThe father denied taking any other medication. The+ c3 Q% t4 m4 f6 b1 l
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche, a' n2 c3 _' Q. P; r5 p9 }* y
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
( f# R4 o3 L* V/ V& W+ |  y% w5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
- ?7 G7 p2 Z9 @cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
2 P( L; \6 z, N) Itives. There were no siblings.
6 q1 g2 m# k$ s3 U1 V4 n, XPhysical Examination0 i7 s8 y6 i: d; [* V5 I
The physical examination revealed a very active,- \4 I% ~9 {2 H2 j) ]7 n2 C
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
' }/ ~9 |: Q- U1 ?2 ^a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was* {4 s2 }: Y8 }' J
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
) c3 Z* E7 e: N. G8 Q(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth! Q( D: P+ U# p+ G
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
+ G, d$ n$ m+ _the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% f5 ^5 y- r  e; n* b
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
& e* I: |% H* [+ j' Uenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
& X& Q- X% e- W: l0 b8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well  H/ q) I7 z7 |! U( a7 y) U
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around( U: R, r. J  R1 ^* W
540
. y1 p# c. n3 A4 W2 d% O& Fat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* S) M$ @1 o  n! S; b, E. V4 T
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
4 M7 ~9 {! P" D3 ^" z, f! Y9 ~testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
( ^7 M! I1 F  Q$ e$ Q7 O" x; ?The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat+ F0 V, S2 h' F# c
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no$ s$ C! j- w6 K/ x4 T. R: V
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.# p) ~0 B1 e) b
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
6 u! Z& a% u2 c, V$ H8 N( ^bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
' }$ \( z& O" v1 z8 Zof papilledema.
, B6 V& u4 {7 z2 n7 N& oLaboratory Evaluation
* u- o0 M/ v! W3 p- \8 M+ f! pThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
5 T" A! q5 @# I' musing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
+ Q$ y/ a# s1 plogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal; e9 V8 m' t8 B) q; ^
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test$ q! H  X, k3 S6 G$ Y
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-9 ?/ T( i  G$ J0 A9 S
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., {) h' _! e9 C% I2 n
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood! c0 W4 i, U9 i; J# n
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
% J# g0 f0 {& Q8 fwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
  U7 g! u$ h5 G4 v  _; t$ Sof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
) {$ U+ l7 y, h6 D! B2 ](normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 208 H5 C5 c7 J6 c& x( q9 s8 }
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
4 g3 F( [9 }! h- S7 F% H! Yterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),6 ?* c6 f) J, T5 E; W
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
1 s; n+ J0 C( }- W& ?6 A' O& L49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
3 n7 w$ j1 i! L. A0 n* J) Zwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
7 A0 k4 X; A3 ?) stisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
4 e/ [6 [6 i  utestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),' R+ d. G$ q. I1 A- `
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than6 x- |& {% }0 w% ?( |- U' r% s( w" K
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular8 V! u7 |- c6 g1 N& r/ L) {3 S$ K! Y; I
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
& {' N6 a5 y2 G& a6 zconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL4 m0 \4 ~+ Z" q: S- F6 Y  j/ E
(prepubertal).8 i" X5 c- T2 H2 m" l; N" \
The parents were notified about the laboratory
0 n, }5 G2 j. A% i' `results and were informed that all of the tests were
+ w7 X: O9 [4 k" lnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
# i/ ~1 K; K- b3 P+ Y: efollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to& |5 U8 M! a% o% |
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-- e5 S  n( `) a& j, h0 _
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
6 o/ I5 x% s7 N. A7 W% r$ iPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
% T' o# ~  l# U/ D' n3 ?child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained8 X) x  Z. @# w& c
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
7 U- ]6 {& e# A. m4 Q# Dunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-; I: a! ]* i- l( L$ K
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 n; \% x1 }1 @. o- |
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2& Y% h3 Z3 z& ~3 A4 [
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
8 G- P) m' i( m# d: O6 rThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
! i0 o% S+ j/ g, Ging frequent erections.* T$ r6 t* @+ E, k; `8 [
Both parents were again questioned about use of8 u0 G+ N" h) U& c" n" T" J4 ~4 W
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
; j/ h/ M8 i% V8 L0 g, Pthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the  u  Y4 t1 |; E: x7 Q: S3 d
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
0 W1 M3 a2 D1 R" l& }; t8 Ouse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
3 l7 X4 }$ \. Z& K1 J% R9 O# P) eing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for4 f: S5 @2 @. p' ]+ c
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
+ I. t5 [8 [' Oto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-; [# B  I4 n7 Y1 O8 O6 A+ |
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 H9 y" W, s" u7 m7 P3 Isecondary to depression.% J' s# E9 ~" s+ a% w, X
The child slept in the same bed with parents./ E6 z8 h& T7 f3 V
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
- v8 t. I/ b5 k2 P8 D4 ^9 A# i4 W8 Ochest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) o& U8 s* q0 q/ xnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.) t8 s" [6 `& N6 ?& S  i7 U
The father also admitted that after the phone call,' U7 n  G' G6 A5 W3 |" g! C6 U
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby4 b% T' H$ z/ o: @: d- q7 z
was high, he then read the product information, q# u5 B5 v# {/ c
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-; x& R3 f  n$ r  ^  n* d; Q( U; b/ {
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
! r/ p2 [( F1 q5 N) |# ~5 t, X1 hdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
! }, A9 d8 O9 F% I+ J0 N8 jfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had- X9 g0 o: X6 P- D, X- |$ |% D6 D
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone5 F1 o& [$ h2 g
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
/ C$ S+ _+ u' @3 y3 E& d. @, Hlaboratory to obtain the test.& m0 Q) n5 a0 P* e' O
Discussion
; i0 P4 g' u/ {% o' wPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary+ y! y( v% z3 _, E5 p7 Q
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4  }5 I, _+ |, a: G; \# |0 ?
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when8 A' g0 E6 P5 x9 F: j8 m+ b1 Y7 P+ E
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-' n! Q/ }. O* ]  q
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
% E6 P7 }/ [/ s0 j2 x7 G# Jmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP/ M: U& H; j0 U3 {' X5 m
may have a central nervous system lesion that is3 P% _5 t8 U7 {% j3 d
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
4 U4 z: i0 S$ D0 \+ U" L+ Zamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-& f, M9 c8 s3 s! x
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
% V9 a; v# ^; D3 p  Yboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
, ]* R$ c+ X  E- M5 d2 I  w5 Cization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
" l8 ]3 m6 |: o. m, }. M% yrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
% D& r0 u3 S( K2 @gonadotropins.1,3
# y7 Z0 t0 g0 b% M) s) @Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
/ [( Q8 l  f2 Pcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate5 K; }) b# H/ @) k! l1 C
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
. e! \: n- |% V3 _# r" o6 B% G) A9 t' Eexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
% ?& d$ C0 e4 j2 yulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing0 n% Y5 s; C3 X' w! ^
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive6 E; |4 {  O4 A' ~
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious: ?- X  K( M+ o- O$ c% X' V5 L
puberty in boys.3,4
, Z' V- G- P0 x8 B! i5 s9 BThe most common form of congenital adrenal
- l- I* N- ^6 c- e+ Khyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.: M/ G) _* I9 ?# D4 j, b
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
! B0 t( D& X' m" k4 ]5 Nexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,' i  j) j6 V8 J
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
$ Y7 L3 |6 @6 X, T& L  a* iexcess.1,3) N) W& J4 v: D( z
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from  X& c# P. l9 D. F; Z6 c4 c
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20075 D: `( i  ?* n, `2 t
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
( s1 q( O& g- j6 zindependent precocious puberty, which is also known" j8 b3 C) I) B9 E
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a: G4 [$ }4 O; @9 _6 F7 ?9 [& @
very young age. The physical findings in these boys4 b7 P) G* K+ n# G
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
' l0 G" D. x0 Z, A) u. mincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
8 P1 O4 {0 @' F0 O/ @! p" Jwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
) m, `% L3 d1 M$ T0 }0 x) Tare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show  g; ?8 Q2 X5 T! A# ?  o! o' h
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
% R+ V, H2 w- D3 Z/ n6 r% f! Sreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
* U- M7 S4 \! {+ ~' ?autosomal dominant disorder that affects only! u& B' n* m4 [( K
males; therefore, other male members of the family
" C& h! m9 S+ O$ A) `/ j" Nmay have similar precocious puberty.3( U$ D9 R3 Z$ Z5 V. X) K
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
4 Z; c2 K4 n  T3 ]7 Z. Z( F. }7 |sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-: c7 R) L' H$ H+ k) S$ F' H
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
. q8 v9 l7 J3 \/ ]' d- _3 Z) |was in the differential diagnosis because his father
, f% l1 B, P& v3 vstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,% u7 l6 c+ ]2 ]9 L& y
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
! x  q& y5 l  f1 Gbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
! D) Y4 g% q. Oative initial history of androgen exposure, our
$ F8 R$ E3 Y2 @2 x/ N$ kbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,/ U. k; [8 A% q/ b! v
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase; C- S- N8 f+ Y0 {' M, c
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
( o( ]4 }1 l- `1 S# f3 @7 _/ ving the normal level of adrenal steroids.8 t* E+ F( J8 }. D
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
- t3 H( }& d6 E7 a- E; ^suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because8 l3 ~! r1 s& ?8 N$ ?, V
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
, ]. A$ [3 q6 \% K1 s& f  F$ Ppearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and, a6 W1 l, P5 J
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-+ }# I+ y4 M2 S, H# ?/ X
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
" {! c0 K  |+ P( h2 d% nusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
+ V5 k6 A5 h  s& F, ^Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
" R+ |8 n% E4 N3 }) pcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
- t9 J6 B3 F" zunprotected females through direct skin exposure.0 k& y2 t# g4 c
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
0 K" J3 C- i  |* xbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
& q" f& C7 Y# feven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
0 {5 I1 M9 e5 ]. ^5 b2 Lpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
; }( Y: I: Y% V9 D+ h6 Jtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
% e3 p+ n) v& SOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
/ S$ p7 [+ `- h, M; A' I) uwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
' U; z* D( o5 d6 x7 Q2 sdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-" m5 Y7 Y' a6 k# X* q
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 [3 r- d8 \1 [0 ]% R7 L, ?/ Y3 O  a% Pactive in young children exposed to testosterone, A' Z  d0 v! g( M" y+ R* D
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-3 [9 t+ S% \7 `  h
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
) H" f$ m- L! W! |3 g: X6 \virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in3 x/ |& k5 A; P! O/ b
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
4 ]( g; O% y1 I% y# \advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
. b. Y8 z( u3 H( Q& d" c) j! M4 DThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
/ R5 j: p+ m7 ~1 E) Tearly childhood on pubertal development and final$ K% J; C! Z# A) q! M, i$ B+ n
adult height are not fully known and always remain( K, ?5 I2 N: G' l# u/ {( X! I3 O
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
0 p9 J7 f# M7 E& m8 u, sterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
) A, S; L, Q% q! F; B& b5 Aacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after& }; \/ O$ h4 M/ p
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation% N4 a$ M, `; e/ ^& z, b
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9" Y( b9 _9 W$ `; p  L/ |
There are conflicting reports and controversy- c+ K8 W$ T, _* x5 q. c
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult( Q0 ~7 |6 Y) F6 w
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" z( x! t, L0 }adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-) M# x  W5 E# F& @* r# f
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
! ]* o' ]) i( Y- `Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
: |  f2 R2 s7 @5 V, v6 |' jchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
. s/ e* C! y6 L' u# w; h7 e4 Epenile length in clinical studies., e- `. q% N: U( l  `' I- Q
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
2 w* G) D- D/ Y0 ^going to experience any of the untoward effects from
6 R, V7 B$ Z) ptestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
6 V# v7 k' R1 p# x/ `/ b) C" {& _the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.4 m2 ]$ U& y  C! S
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
8 u, \! |/ r4 w2 W3 G/ _. adiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
  l5 r- B- ]3 d5 w" tthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult! F( a) ^8 o7 \+ n5 t
height will not be affected.
9 k: M8 J: T0 TAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
- D$ Y6 p  ~. w5 Rability of androgen products in our society may
0 `; |' z# N& y& w0 Z- [indeed cause more virilization in male or female7 k6 }! U$ c/ s& a0 m' p' f
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
" ?$ h, f" ^/ O8 G+ u' j1 Fgen products must be considered and specific ques-. w- s  V: s9 q' g# w8 Q
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
% v# z$ ~, r& |5 R$ Qgel should be asked of the family members during
% Y9 Q, s% L0 zthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-) |+ s' k# \0 j
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-+ s. L* f& o* I+ r, `0 @
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by/ n+ q5 [% H  X: b' R! Z+ F
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
3 V- z3 M+ d$ b3 shistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
4 b  t) w! N( xresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
8 b4 I0 \. X* G' {1 l8 _investigation. The primary care physician should be
2 h; ?3 J7 S4 waware of this fact, because most of these children
0 q6 T0 z( X9 I4 w$ |may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
2 Y7 Q# P% I5 O1 QDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
, D+ |/ G9 p$ P: A2 P( V) gwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or/ j' [" q+ m0 i. b! v4 \
female child who might come in contact with some-
; M9 A: T) P0 m5 u/ }8 sone using any of these products.9 v- ?5 y' w" G3 r9 v& g  P6 Z
References
" |5 v  {. Y) v0 {0 x# n1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
* h0 @8 m. C" gand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
- T' r) L4 d. m! wEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;5 {( ~( e6 A+ U# o! k) s2 X' ]
2002: 565-628.5 r3 m6 S; _' I& Q
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious9 \+ @5 ?0 E/ V/ b) a8 w
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
; E: q; P7 x9 h" q2 Y7 PBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
: U- p5 y4 f: n4 k; N9 tExposure to Testosterone4 ~. B: Z9 ]7 T! g
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2( E5 k# }- n9 W+ a. i  l! \
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1* A  `9 K9 a$ j  N/ V
Clinical Pediatrics" Q/ x; M" I: P; n& }" J0 ~& K5 n
Volume 46 Number 6
  }  Q8 V, t- t% p: N5 f; h; N* OJuly 2007 540-543: U# w  m" V3 j% |+ c* N- Y+ X2 w. n7 R
© 2007 Sage Publications6 V( R/ n! j" j
10.1177/00099228062966519 }' }& [& f/ v! Y+ V! z$ A
http://clp.sagepub.com
4 l; _2 k9 {& s3 t( e6 Y, U5 @hosted at( q" m9 h  B8 G8 `
http://online.sagepub.com" T8 f* m* z% a6 k+ {) C8 h
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
6 }. Z' T& B- Qis a significant concern for physicians. Central
1 L% s( a$ _; C2 z+ G/ x* Cprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
7 z' c2 z5 U3 V" |. l, w4 E( Kthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has+ b" Z$ h/ r( x
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
' U& ]# S* p, O' Glesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
: t; z% n1 Y5 v; P, x* X1 E- [& Pby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic# L; ?, k, v# S& d
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
  ~8 h# }$ U" G1 lcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We  d( p* S1 L2 U) J" Q
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the7 z" M$ e& A1 C& ?6 r
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
. z" ]7 n- L; X' u" D1 c) ~2 g. Jment without testicular enlargement, which was due0 A* u5 l$ k, P/ H9 F+ g) W
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by; i6 v  F( H( ^* ]9 O
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
  u' _' H9 y: T' B: Fmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this3 E8 y4 P7 S/ J$ @$ P7 U
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
. W/ A" T# I3 @7 Vtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
8 D9 Z* h( \+ L$ I% L6 obly more common than the rare case report in the# n  M/ C9 e5 a6 _0 o7 I
literature.4
2 {; r1 P( o$ B7 ]: |8 D7 TPatient Report% y' H* i, }1 P- e6 I" g5 I% \
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the* l& P* y! _! N9 v
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
: I. C3 N9 Z( m+ y% c4 Mof early sexual development. His mother noticed! |+ `8 K/ U  ~* n  d3 M" O  }
light colored pubic hair development when he was. G) ]1 E( O, Z. [
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
, y. ^; Y7 d1 w0 zSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
, P4 R3 }3 A3 }Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
( v6 P0 X* G" w4 n, fProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
$ t# ^& J1 t8 L2 @2 G  DMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
" [$ \' F, g- f" |e-mail: [email protected].
! D; t+ P0 _! N5 \1 H) ?1 j$ zabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
  B5 Z: I, q" ]- Udarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-5 G# {7 h( A) ^
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child4 s1 x: P( {* R& W* H* C
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with' B  j) n, n2 R% w9 u
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
5 S2 R" E% i/ W, |7 J  E$ r! H+ S20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year& c' i. q5 @# k; K- D" S
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
& j, I5 Z( F7 U$ E6 K, xsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
" M" X% O) T+ @( ?* Iand his psychosocial and psychomotor development! N! B' P6 j" j/ }, F" O1 K0 M
was age appropriate.  Y' Y  v+ H+ L+ R+ x9 f
The family history was remarkable for the father,
$ h3 ~, f- ?) t% w# S8 [1 p- wwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,, \' N' n6 T5 L' Q3 p. w( i* E& ^
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s/ E. e, P7 m8 n4 m6 e
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
; V$ A+ l. ~8 h- t2 K0 qearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.( S% P& \/ b) \7 a
The father denied taking any other medication. The4 X/ R/ k$ ~9 g% Q; D3 a' W
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
8 w7 V/ ^5 W; G3 twas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet+ J) K* D* x' Y+ u
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-" b- E; e8 g& @9 g
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-3 `) A. k" w, l* k. V
tives. There were no siblings.; ^, i0 \" M+ K6 V( G/ [1 y
Physical Examination
! R" l- ~4 u4 [( q( nThe physical examination revealed a very active,' i, o# e$ N) ?7 }5 _$ v
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented! g$ T9 q  s% ], ?
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was% Y9 x( E( N$ I! I% O. u
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
% [6 I* g9 i$ n( Z( Q9 h" h(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth! k. k" A% ^+ ^- f, ?) X8 r
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of, \" `8 U0 T; E" O9 |
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
( M$ m" `# [2 V3 G$ W; yThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for/ H7 y* x4 X( Z9 c% ^% G3 d
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
) v* D  E$ J+ V4 K0 R; U8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well* b, w2 s. ?( t# ?. \
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
# [( P8 k' B, W0 |' i! S# ?, c( {+ U540
1 c6 {% G0 e8 u7 Iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 K5 `  r$ V/ I5 d5 qthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The+ ~" [* G/ b' r" U( h
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.8 [: d' z$ c) J7 Y  x
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat& r5 f& I; i2 a: n% B, |  B2 u+ B
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no* O" v2 F% R; [( |0 P6 M
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
, [5 J' [9 y$ n! RNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+" W# m9 X* H3 o& p
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion5 P) G5 K! M0 }+ W
of papilledema.
, V& g: f1 ]& X  v; s) ZLaboratory Evaluation! `/ \! z- V' v! y  w; w
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
# J/ \, s" ?& U: Eusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
! y! n/ m6 k* S: C4 |+ F; Nlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
( L9 k2 C& h( y: Xkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test: k; G& t5 R  c' O
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
- z0 A8 k) }5 D/ |& i$ Nlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).. b& y8 n! Q$ a3 L7 |
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood: m- \1 ^5 i$ v& c6 s, L" Q
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were5 O, a: Z7 e& m! B4 G) J" ]2 j
within normal range for his age. The concentration
% H$ y% X; M/ f# M8 wof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL1 i4 U2 B- f  D, i% G5 G
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20- A8 V" P' P6 {* Q" F) ]* c
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-0 J" U0 Z  h: G
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
3 Z" }  z: a3 R* R2 ~desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to5 R$ \; i1 L2 g/ O$ a: X
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)1 Z  @) _0 x- f3 k
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
" A& y% C  m$ o9 @tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
) Q2 c, v( G5 R* f3 p: gtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
' W$ T0 c4 T; jand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
5 _8 o- M8 m$ e5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular- R# Y7 N' f* R* X+ ^. k
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone0 `6 ]9 I9 I+ \3 S6 I
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL5 H$ L1 A5 M9 C7 E: t% Y
(prepubertal).( u) D7 y! R4 ]# q" X( e
The parents were notified about the laboratory
0 L- j: l1 w4 Wresults and were informed that all of the tests were
( W& y, m! y9 X5 Fnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
3 ]( o' t6 P% [( qfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
6 y; O" S8 Q3 @" f3 e) Q1 Wobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-$ d  j9 K% ~# K$ B  |, G' g% k
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
' L2 B5 V8 X8 |6 t, VPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
4 e( M5 u- X# T$ A* n; ochild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
) u" C6 I% E+ W5 {3 c4 x2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
( h  K: t- r) nunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-% I7 T' ]% n4 y
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at# d: \) J# E+ f7 j* z3 H4 T5 t
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 29 ]. P  S( ~5 v7 Y1 H, G% {7 g0 L
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.. c$ \/ a5 U5 A( h% ?- S$ I
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-2 e; X+ |7 L, R3 p/ R) o6 h, `+ `9 V
ing frequent erections.1 `. o$ u2 p  s" d$ r3 w, l
Both parents were again questioned about use of0 u- m6 p4 ]/ e6 l( U! Y: w8 _6 o
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
( S1 M' G+ Y4 j% s; d2 othe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the) X& k& `4 A/ |
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541! L3 }8 @! E1 ]/ A- q4 T1 f0 g! i
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-4 [, Y" e* C( p' I
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
. ?" E# M1 \& o0 C, x9 e6 q' Ua year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
  A' q6 g# W% g! D+ Kto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-% ~$ d! j: E) B& |6 e+ {
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido4 n# `: b" {+ S6 c
secondary to depression.) @2 n9 \3 G. [. e
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
) x$ w! `8 i) \3 m: A% @& ^The father would hug the baby and hold him on his/ g0 g$ w9 `3 v! ^( w
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-% `; v) R$ _) P5 p
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
# d3 K# P  b% f8 C% qThe father also admitted that after the phone call,1 r* f. }2 `! Z% g% E& j
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
- V! I& l" O$ P, j) [6 T8 ~was high, he then read the product information, F- D0 m+ L3 J
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-' F: _+ H$ w) h  Y0 Q
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
! F! H7 T+ O  [* B3 |6 V+ C/ Y7 Mdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the. Z6 v0 w: Z' l1 H
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
* |5 s0 ]1 A, w; }( d( P) qbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
- Q8 K$ v$ r1 g! _$ D+ }, Wtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
) `2 ~1 \3 U0 L7 Wlaboratory to obtain the test.* R. L5 c( y0 z% Q/ ?8 [2 W
Discussion
3 E% i) e, c. I; B. W$ ]) k4 aPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary! t' X. O/ c. L# ~( G
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4+ Z, h- m- M" Z8 p2 K! ?) v
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
9 P7 P+ ^7 c. H: n5 k! q7 d, V" Ait is caused by the premature activation of hypo-$ u7 r8 ]6 {* W- Y# e& t' I! r, \2 [
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-: Q' a: `2 s) P" b9 ?
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
# v6 `7 [/ `2 w; ^4 R, mmay have a central nervous system lesion that is& R( U- w; r) h3 ?2 }8 t
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
. f( p) \" V: k) K8 T; k, v; Famic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
  F" r4 ?) ]; s7 |/ [1 o2 L8 m/ zsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
+ z2 z6 h: }3 \9 e" \) Dboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
( M( B6 n! x$ T1 I: ?ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- z* C5 z- C5 Z+ E. p3 i% hrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
( \- F9 A% Z% g; K9 Q4 V$ ^gonadotropins.1,3
3 P% Z* z- A- z5 t$ x& pGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
' v8 Y" N9 C8 p/ _; Jcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
1 I6 M, x3 v2 x  eandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or5 ?* l& ~) B; p& T
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-% }" F# s/ B1 e; l
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing7 r: V5 T4 q. b! m3 o
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
! D9 @8 s% `" p: Gadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious  x) J1 f$ |' k, ~5 x  R
puberty in boys.3,4
% H+ h& D$ O$ ]9 {- AThe most common form of congenital adrenal
$ [( B) @* J  T, e* rhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.8 f" B2 k% C5 w  G& m5 l# J" U9 O
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in! O: Z, t  o# N% s* U
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
2 F& V: A) f) C% C5 fan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
/ d. Q5 H3 b: K# ^* f! lexcess.1,3
0 l& J6 \$ N) ]# u; f7 Pat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
+ U2 S' y& [7 V& {4 Q3 ]" R, t( _9 V542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
. j8 P! S2 B  w4 v& B0 @A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-( H$ W; d1 i. \
independent precocious puberty, which is also known2 @9 D. Y$ g" }
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
' i0 d4 D; @- |  Z/ ivery young age. The physical findings in these boys1 J! ^$ l& B- _) R! @1 j5 c1 ~/ h
with this disorder are full pubertal development,. s" D6 H- w& H1 n* K& n8 Y
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys0 S, e' B; P6 v6 z# S4 n
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder6 {7 P2 G) v+ M# C
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show8 D# c4 h: }: q" H0 }1 U. \
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
3 T1 n# q0 `  F/ B5 Breleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked6 T& h" t6 [# E. |" G6 U- R
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only/ R+ a+ B9 D2 l6 `3 _, Y( J/ d
males; therefore, other male members of the family
: V" v1 n1 }, z/ pmay have similar precocious puberty.3
* X8 _' T# E7 Q7 x( S+ b; EIn our patient, physical examination was incon-" H3 z+ ]+ h2 h7 I4 W/ H
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
, i5 {6 L9 O+ D; O0 L& H/ B/ w& T# Qcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis/ B" [# K! I' D" E+ j
was in the differential diagnosis because his father8 R, B, y  {( O
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
$ t0 O3 I  t0 h2 a$ B! J2 H% Ftesticular enlargement is not that evident in the3 {0 t! D" F9 u! P, S* g% M
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
- Q3 n- i, m$ n4 I* o4 T3 Kative initial history of androgen exposure, our
, q/ D( V9 S1 Vbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,4 ]- D* `3 `0 [8 p& ?2 q
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
+ i! m; q; }% _! o, Cdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-. n: ]8 n: F2 U: h. R' N" k! `" d" S
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
! G8 s" ?& V6 ~" I+ S' oThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
& [+ v0 x1 A9 y% `7 Zsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
- j7 M0 g' X# v0 _# c  jthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-! i6 {* }# N' f! e; }* V
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
2 e1 x0 B2 s# d* n. d+ ?: q3 xdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-: w5 C4 f7 u* }* C3 A  x: e- S+ s7 H
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was" q, L  Z* p1 V. a
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’6 H* X) C# }5 Z* g" ]
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or% t% Y+ M1 P# h
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
; S* f# t3 c6 _+ g- `5 F# h. Punprotected females through direct skin exposure.( N6 `+ c# {; p. q  J0 V
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the! b9 y( u' L6 a' Y3 {( M
baseline value in those females who were exposed to. I( L1 E6 b! `4 [5 t* G
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
6 u- w- Z. P* V) ^  P' y2 z0 Spartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
+ h9 N# g, V. H5 c" L2 F; Y( ution site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
2 g" w7 |7 s% p/ f* s9 T. d8 aOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,$ b6 a. }, p5 n5 t+ W
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
' B1 t1 `# Q9 J4 [7 z) Tdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-+ B+ H" g" w6 z+ q
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
; h/ f( q1 b4 g! Q3 {active in young children exposed to testosterone
! W2 F; f# Q% ]; z, D8 Mexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-: d" J/ M  `- L' ~* X1 f( a
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
" m& G. h7 g# pvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
4 \, Z1 A& |) Q* e8 tchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
" J- {, p# p  u" }, T) m- |" L' N, L( sadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
  B: f. D& o6 P: ~: LThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
7 L6 r: c) U4 Y0 _early childhood on pubertal development and final% u+ g5 d5 L2 o+ y' n9 {
adult height are not fully known and always remain
7 p; h+ d3 f8 M$ X7 `8 V8 C' ya concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
( v7 Y& g9 c6 X7 n8 gterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some& z# Z2 U/ R( T; J# ~
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after  R, `0 a: z4 e6 K/ z! r& e
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation& @. c& i0 y, L6 x
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
, J+ f  R  {5 s6 z  z4 C) S8 J! NThere are conflicting reports and controversy: t$ q2 n2 U/ h# A+ M5 y6 }5 h! |$ {
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
/ x. E6 A/ ]- {: spenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
$ G% q5 J4 d( ^6 ?. i8 Eadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-. v/ j, v; h$ Y% g7 z  j& P" Y
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,, q- k" i7 f  X
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
9 I8 }$ v  `6 m- nchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
$ R& J4 Q8 T1 Jpenile length in clinical studies.
0 L4 f4 r' F. B# R8 Y9 K0 X4 GNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is: P: }0 m4 \2 c9 _
going to experience any of the untoward effects from* k. R  o  q; |; P
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because. D4 c3 T& T8 M( T& C7 h
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.; m- H- w' {8 p+ Q. W0 c4 Z
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of  D9 n3 G+ V  o2 f( U
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at" S* q& Z6 o0 a8 E
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
, V5 F/ i$ r% O& f; q' s) Xheight will not be affected.
2 Q5 g7 a; `; L* h0 {Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
9 T0 I  H5 v3 E& j4 e! Mability of androgen products in our society may
+ _$ e; S7 k  b1 d! Tindeed cause more virilization in male or female6 a) k# c! q- s
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
3 `# m4 Y: V) ]" Mgen products must be considered and specific ques-
7 n# y$ N% c' J; D3 L9 z/ qtioning about the use of a testosterone product or: Z) k- U# f' A5 F+ |$ \  ?
gel should be asked of the family members during8 t( k% P3 B: L5 N* q/ O( k) }
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-; U* B- [9 l7 O# g- a! O
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-+ @% H: a9 k5 E! K- G7 u% @3 H: \
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
5 j+ w; [7 y/ J" A/ l8 i" V9 Zappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
6 [1 ^3 d1 T+ D0 Mhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may9 F; a& x( T9 K5 x
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
( j0 P: w1 R/ p, jinvestigation. The primary care physician should be2 K; V7 D9 S. W
aware of this fact, because most of these children
$ y0 W# q6 e5 }6 c8 amay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’( N( M  L( Y) C5 ?
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
" \1 O3 U! g* k& S  s8 J+ Iwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
# m: b! A; X, u* ?# w5 Gfemale child who might come in contact with some-: ?3 j, y: w2 |9 e% O
one using any of these products.+ W6 }4 R) d: t) U/ a* e
References/ t4 h+ @; p, H' K% s( e  \
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation  x, H1 @- {3 O
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric0 }6 w: m" g2 |: y
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;; V2 \/ j) M, p* X, Y
2002: 565-628.( m/ e3 n1 V# G, H- r
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious+ y# C6 P, B1 ]7 f& V- N  t
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

) x/ D- \0 J# D' C' W; H% {精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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