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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old5 w- u' e, V. P- x
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical& O5 ~; ^9 v, B( }- Z8 H
Exposure to Testosterone
$ j% D W( }4 j7 fSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
: z g+ n# N# G) P' t3 @+ g0 _and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
) L) X& ~% ^# U- P+ A1 a: n1 A9 K0 NClinical Pediatrics/ U7 {5 U1 y5 p- q7 t& ]
Volume 46 Number 6
4 K) _5 Q( w8 V9 _: m. P1 R: RJuly 2007 540-543
5 d) g; ? |7 b( V& }© 2007 Sage Publications" \. M9 _% R7 S( U. N6 H; v
10.1177/0009922806296651
# C2 C- Z/ K. H0 l; vhttp://clp.sagepub.com$ G% p E5 w# I4 B( y! R
hosted at
! v+ U; e3 b( }, p% V9 X6 S3 K% qhttp://online.sagepub.com! C3 @/ _6 J0 r8 t/ N1 b+ b
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
% E7 l: a- ]% z8 C- o6 {3 A/ @is a significant concern for physicians. Central, V2 w1 O3 B. i9 a, c
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
0 n# S$ p/ S& a% p; Xthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has1 W0 U) C1 X! P3 D5 z; n
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
2 P' O. N3 {& elesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested- R; T$ g0 Y8 r* C
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
3 M% Q5 D: n" R$ lhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-/ X: q& _* w3 t; ?% M0 y' Y
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
" q' g3 l2 U7 E, I% H" @report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
+ }8 Y' C5 \- W# O% I% penlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
5 O y9 F& D; { ~ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
`& g2 k4 f2 w: H7 y* ~to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by+ A1 `( W) K( \9 R+ b
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
9 {$ S# ]$ G5 u0 H& }9 L( X! p, cmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
2 c8 `( U# N7 c% i4 w: Schild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
$ i5 u" H! ~2 R0 `& z3 i- I; Rtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
5 e6 g6 m$ }* g$ z" A" _' pbly more common than the rare case report in the# B3 N+ C; {' a) d q
literature.45 u+ P% @6 o, ^; S
Patient Report" u- i3 W! e8 _9 m: G" |) a1 D
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the$ x# C, [# T7 a' \1 i' u( U
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
; l- P) I7 d2 l$ |2 _; Fof early sexual development. His mother noticed
5 E: u( y2 W% i, u6 f2 `, m" _light colored pubic hair development when he was* a- d; U H6 k8 c5 k7 {
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
# ?4 }4 ^* R7 F4 T1 ESouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.4 p7 D9 t8 a* B& i5 A. u! g7 P
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 I) w$ x% i( f p8 \
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
" w% v6 K2 n3 @; ZMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
" e( e/ U) p8 u& W2 G7 Le-mail: [email protected].
- | W* i) @; ?! L, X. aabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
$ s6 f+ }/ O$ A" vdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) r( Z& u" [+ c8 q+ v) @& G
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
7 G R* P& U/ p+ d7 bwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with2 [0 B, {9 M" o, {' H
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
' m) V. @3 s6 B" V+ j20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
3 M: {$ O! v6 eof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
2 r1 @2 N, z7 m7 b- ]solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,( ^. j& F) x# a4 @, E" `
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development- U0 B5 x' C+ B0 d4 g. ]6 q
was age appropriate.# S3 t% |% u& L/ L# O7 b3 Y
The family history was remarkable for the father,
- |0 W `6 Q5 ~. Qwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
) Z- Y) r$ S: D% {: a9 h* Swhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s7 D: O* O8 A+ k$ I. p" X }( f
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
5 ?# s; J1 G2 f* u( Jearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
8 k$ y! Z' h* [ H( m0 q# ]The father denied taking any other medication. The' U+ i7 f( ]5 Y+ O% y7 l F7 o
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche3 P4 @$ Q+ g) O( C* w& T k
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet, K9 w4 v8 x) \8 M/ d; u3 U% ?
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre- A6 q' M# H _) [! g
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-( n. i8 ~% v& s% `4 M
tives. There were no siblings.
c( {1 d0 E- M2 v9 jPhysical Examination7 I1 l3 t% F8 d1 [
The physical examination revealed a very active,+ F3 L; o) X( t; f) \) p1 d
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
) R: W7 @3 k. b- G1 T7 ga blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was9 ]4 r+ }3 Y# x b* } F* I
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg. |& x' R9 C- l2 l
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth! H, v f' g& l
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of4 |1 ], R/ |2 U0 j% G, u, ]* e7 P
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
2 C4 Q1 F5 T1 Q3 rThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
0 X1 w* F+ R+ [6 D; W: \enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
i+ `. F8 W9 J9 Y8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
. ?( L, H! m# W* @. O( }6 e. Xdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around4 h8 @( r" C' c" P
540
/ s, F" W5 ~: U4 ^! Vat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ e/ H: S8 k, r; T; L+ v1 ?5 u
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
' B6 w) d5 ]5 I7 _ jtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.+ y; Q; E- Z- x( x' p
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat9 O, t, A: ^9 A
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
! z8 g( j2 S' w i$ H* t) n' Oabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.' s# y# k' y- \
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+& N! G1 _2 _; E: _/ W
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
' t; k* d/ `, x$ Q5 J. }of papilledema.: }7 y( u" `5 D0 g5 U/ Q- i$ b
Laboratory Evaluation
3 K1 p( I5 V* k$ i' w" g! u" `The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
6 a7 l2 R% v/ W+ ?6 eusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
3 v& o& i% ^. M+ b7 D$ {6 alogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
- l* @1 M) b& n( gkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test7 J1 R- k6 b% S1 P6 [
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-. w2 @9 s4 z7 g! q9 y
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).1 b1 k# F* q+ y$ a# ~
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 H* Z* |3 l3 Z: t) V0 {% w: f
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were5 ]6 E# E% b( P! z! R$ H
within normal range for his age. The concentration
. k) e0 J! P5 M5 c, |1 s# y: lof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
! P' l) F# }4 M) E3 s1 b: F3 T# H(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 205 R* s, g4 t9 v3 o, j
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-/ \. C# V/ S) i) `5 J
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
1 X; F1 o% m/ O; H% g* e0 Ddesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
+ X; K$ F. y% h2 x; m. ~49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)# j% g4 }) n0 m* ^
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
1 O/ F( I \, c" q' etisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total/ z+ t% l. W. `# }# \
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
; g5 V5 m+ N/ I4 c# |1 y- ~and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than# D- {5 g) m& {5 d# {
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
, h$ J2 o& G5 C2 m% Hstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
) P5 k6 }1 h1 @/ E4 y3 sconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
! f; b) ~) Q: R5 j0 T! t(prepubertal).* n. P. {8 N8 {4 ]
The parents were notified about the laboratory( I4 q, T' B# x8 g1 o
results and were informed that all of the tests were
8 v8 j& C4 f* d0 s+ mnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
9 M9 E* D1 ~. u- g0 tfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
; M" Z0 W2 I: R9 k, G a+ kobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" j- f* }* w5 l/ ?2 C- Y0 i
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.) f* y7 t, O9 u" C2 ]
Physical examination at this time revealed that the) Z& ]) `- W1 `* H
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained% Y7 T: B9 F& i, \
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained, V5 A# B) A5 H4 c* u7 V
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
" i9 a, f7 ^9 h$ d4 Z0 Gpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at1 K+ p# o! u, H0 f
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
" b" \- r: I' H; M( FmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
% T& P; g$ [ E2 f7 k. WThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
) }! ^) d8 z, Q2 }& X4 Ming frequent erections.1 R1 o5 e2 x3 a/ L, p$ h
Both parents were again questioned about use of' P! U! q; o7 X, j0 [5 C& [
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to* x: N* }6 ?" c: _3 k' U
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
2 v) b( }7 q8 s# \Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5415 E- B9 Z: Z* Y
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-% _1 X/ u* ~0 |( V! r
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for* a3 i( |( G' Q. R2 Y D& a
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
1 B( R3 l0 E+ |! u+ F5 j% Hto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
\6 n" j1 F& Zscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 [# V4 o Z) c3 }8 psecondary to depression." I1 P% k9 a+ u9 _
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
V% o+ ^8 B- O& lThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his# L# A _2 E r" ]1 F# E0 g, X! J- B
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig- l; T) U' y8 d2 H I: {
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
/ |/ q) O1 |9 [The father also admitted that after the phone call,
5 I, l4 }6 ~$ M! Vwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
" K7 S8 W( k; @2 J: ^" Twas high, he then read the product information
. R w* j* q v& g) t; Ipacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
+ Q- j- v4 E9 |+ Rson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
9 k$ R! c& K% n0 P1 b- p0 H, ~decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the( B# f- W- J9 w: V& n; `/ I# ~
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
/ b% p: d: C: H5 R6 }7 qbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
6 }( i& q" w0 Q; A! h7 `0 ~test was ordered, but the family did not go to the+ h' ^6 P4 v/ L2 W) k$ v2 d
laboratory to obtain the test.
- l8 z9 L1 R5 B$ ]. bDiscussion% j* S* x- f r* r* y& F
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary5 O7 T' s6 B1 I5 m1 \
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,49 L& W7 \; |4 Q5 s/ h6 n
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
& a# u" K- I" hit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
$ ?, \% C8 F. }6 X5 Qthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-5 l' ?2 M3 v( ]: r, ?7 I4 j
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
/ v5 G( ?: j- {/ N. @0 Ymay have a central nervous system lesion that is
; }3 {3 n; A: a. @! oresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
( d2 b+ o) \% C& R$ `. gamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
W9 x" H( g0 K$ i1 Ssis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
4 c! T) H+ R9 K: X! |& O" uboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ b' x% l- N$ d6 q
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-6 ?+ Z) {: |' c6 B( X& i! N
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
3 u% X$ M( L, ] X" k! {gonadotropins.1,3$ D7 l( `+ ~. I/ S2 H
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-! t' w, A2 b4 b& O
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
6 k7 T! c: n3 I& u" l6 V% Nandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
4 [8 m! o0 c( y8 K3 pexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-( h! B5 a) [5 N
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing6 A0 s, R" F5 C g! V
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive4 X% k2 @5 Y/ r3 C+ H" Y
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious1 b; H# {' P; j" N6 W, i
puberty in boys.3,4
1 ?9 A# T5 ?6 [7 H7 g2 C* cThe most common form of congenital adrenal
5 E) K$ C6 s5 t$ f8 Ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
& ^% s, z! g4 M8 D) vThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
8 D) T6 ?8 M+ B5 Gexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,9 {; }3 K7 c5 m8 q/ y- p
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
- c( O% I( _9 l- E# [& Eexcess.1,3* ?7 F1 F1 e7 N+ p5 ]$ S' X
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from" W) Z+ h8 D6 o: P
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
- c3 G& M& r& `' ~ C$ D: q9 ^" uA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
+ {- \# H% {! a. F9 z0 O+ `/ Eindependent precocious puberty, which is also known3 |8 E8 h( I- ]' y6 }. X: D
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a' n% e& b0 k8 |' G; s6 u+ c' J7 Q
very young age. The physical findings in these boys; u0 L& }6 P @4 M2 X* O' h+ K
with this disorder are full pubertal development,7 W: B7 c8 B- x: v
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
/ f2 ?! `) n1 ?$ u! Mwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
0 y( N& h6 p+ q, ~+ B& u- T# n% ^, Fare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show( @& L/ a9 V# V. J% ?
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
2 g; w1 l! [) s( preleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
C7 ~2 H! Y; k! Tautosomal dominant disorder that affects only# m! R* b3 \7 e0 i
males; therefore, other male members of the family- X- M3 q2 ] u8 ]/ `
may have similar precocious puberty.3
/ v7 ]- k6 t4 \0 |& L* n+ O( b3 fIn our patient, physical examination was incon-7 @# d% s: F& E4 t2 N# d
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-' B3 k; D) S9 Y
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
* ^% r* \* a; @: W% b; vwas in the differential diagnosis because his father7 s5 y3 k8 \# p
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,# `0 F. D0 z) e" v8 P
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
3 M, V9 W8 [7 j& }, ybeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
: H# T- v- U# \9 mative initial history of androgen exposure, our/ S2 c% P5 P; L/ j/ F
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
% Q* f- v3 k6 \: [' @' Geither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
" [6 E/ T: k# c6 Qdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
( U$ Y+ T# V5 c* @ C/ ]6 ding the normal level of adrenal steroids.
3 u7 x Z5 i1 C; SThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly' O9 {/ B1 ^# L2 ]( T$ ~
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
5 N* y8 y4 D0 S$ {9 D6 C# Qthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
# W# \8 s, @$ b& W: @7 i4 _- K( fpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
# }2 }3 J5 K1 Kdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-" M" Z! ^& j, X9 M7 R- C' L+ F5 p
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
% }; i% s6 h5 H: d2 Yusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’6 B ]. _* g' e) o% p* [4 O- }" m
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
' [: p, p+ c4 {/ Z$ ]8 mcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to# P2 {+ f9 v/ q" a) ^
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.3 E$ _& ~( S' Y) N; E
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the6 v9 r$ w0 k( ^: M( ~
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
; `$ H' ?) O! {, N5 c( i5 S$ deven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male0 _. T1 d( W! r2 D
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
, c6 ^: \; q9 F0 z0 Ktion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
2 L8 z2 G4 \" o& y# k5 ?Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
# L0 V" ]' _7 |- c6 U' E" Mwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
& E; \; f9 X' L5 L5 h3 U2 cdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
1 a2 @" q0 _* B- s2 j' r: Lterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
/ ]" L5 q/ s) E' k+ ?7 Lactive in young children exposed to testosterone
/ ]" K! g5 g) {( l9 Z9 i3 C l5 Dexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-6 _6 ^: K5 S& M5 V% T
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
5 n7 s) G5 M6 L! I, g; g! ovirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
/ q% N8 X" s2 G' `6 gchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and& B3 Y3 T4 Q$ |1 v, @+ O
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
: U: g+ h$ t, s [2 s( TThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
/ ?, G/ p& ~: F. c- ]9 x1 Bearly childhood on pubertal development and final
" c2 U. m+ J# }" T4 I+ s) kadult height are not fully known and always remain% T+ v* {1 f3 K/ D0 R
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
, [( K7 {' y5 Eterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
# T6 Q) S N' n/ y9 g* t8 P7 R( _acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
3 g l. ^- l: z4 v9 O! Ncessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation) p0 h2 } y% e
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9! i. P$ ~$ Q7 P5 I# z& E5 K
There are conflicting reports and controversy
" U- W: b' E( B- G# G. J9 d, yover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult; G0 s. q3 L P9 D$ q9 E
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal4 q2 y0 T' O7 k; Y0 X" X/ t* [* y5 ^& r4 d
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-/ f: c' K$ S) B, s
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
2 E( x3 H q, y) `! D2 XSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
$ h! `5 K% x) |* M/ lchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
( h7 d' g1 |( {: Cpenile length in clinical studies.
?: V5 L' Z# p' e! t K, | tNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
8 x/ J9 k' K8 k: Ogoing to experience any of the untoward effects from0 A2 ~5 q) s. T& | u% e. N
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because. k% w' @1 z% }1 M& }
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
2 a% [, |, d* }; g0 U. ?Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
/ D; k, B$ }6 L7 z2 Qdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
2 e3 Y4 D; {7 b) U) Uthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult. t1 s9 r( s0 D! ~4 }4 r( D$ V2 K7 W
height will not be affected.
: W/ Q# k% l9 k: B3 w3 M; `) y: J) q8 v) j4 ?Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-5 h! ?) L( w& I: Z5 T
ability of androgen products in our society may
, G3 ^8 N9 v: f1 v$ e" s% Gindeed cause more virilization in male or female
7 M/ g7 M% C: z9 I1 W$ E2 r# }8 Bchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro- x. g* Q2 W/ y
gen products must be considered and specific ques-' v; ` h2 i& m- [6 ]+ y
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
4 ~' _! u" b# Kgel should be asked of the family members during
- [ |5 R% L6 Hthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
3 S1 O( y0 S9 ~/ \6 e# k+ G0 ^5 e/ }ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
# C! A" ]+ K, X1 Q6 f' nnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
( [$ T. `2 o: s, T k% E3 vappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
R5 N3 X, n5 u* nhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
& z* H% T' B/ ]. l0 h" presult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
4 |+ q+ y+ K1 e; j# Dinvestigation. The primary care physician should be* z0 X/ G" |7 R
aware of this fact, because most of these children
6 p* w6 M! `& e& @ vmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’) z% v4 ]1 V0 F" [" w O6 ]
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
0 N, |, E8 P# N( S' N5 X6 mwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or0 x6 U; N& N; ^0 D3 F) t
female child who might come in contact with some-
3 X. U2 u2 o4 ]one using any of these products.
7 W3 d1 Y) z: a; FReferences
* }8 n/ D+ P# ?0 Y, |8 w1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation4 T7 c5 M" E! ~- L3 Y
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric% D( Y/ _$ P. Q6 U# g" l
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
1 W) L2 c8 ]* ]2 W2002: 565-628.
0 n, l5 d% D y; d+ k1 J* H- }1 t y2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
: V7 A8 R1 r* i2 Q6 |6 |! Vpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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