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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
8 v0 O! o6 K% m( {Boy Induced by Indirect Topical, Y5 z! s, z; [: @
Exposure to Testosterone! \3 n1 M  z; k# q( y. D
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2, s* B- `$ H. b6 v6 \7 P- I$ u2 s$ l: d
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
) k$ c- g+ M% a8 u1 t" t* tClinical Pediatrics
* U( g' V; g! w" \+ @) @6 jVolume 46 Number 6
: I( M* q4 ?3 ?  F6 \2 k8 pJuly 2007 540-543
* t7 Y; M% ^& Q# c* ~, C© 2007 Sage Publications
6 q% C' ?9 N# U1 L# B5 s* d10.1177/0009922806296651
  x8 f. Z" ]' L2 dhttp://clp.sagepub.com3 `# a/ s2 H. I' C
hosted at0 w  U- a# y4 c5 J0 G$ e$ k
http://online.sagepub.com
7 c/ q+ A# |" c2 d, vPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
' p& D# y% j9 U+ Y. cis a significant concern for physicians. Central
) ^" @) s2 h1 {3 E: ]% V2 `precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated: ^( c* [! Z# N0 F2 n
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has2 z( Q* s* [; J* m: @3 f5 U
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
, X: @$ b# g: h; t8 W* klesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ a* t4 h2 Q9 \6 b% ^8 h7 H
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic: f1 g; t9 M0 [- l8 d
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-) |0 m8 f: h3 e3 A' H" G: e
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We3 a' y) |% V" n% ~0 {; T
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the6 n( ?$ }' ^  x! P) O( k
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-2 h1 M& q4 E) g# M
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
  K. _$ r5 J% s1 G7 i, _to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
* ?# j8 ^: R  Zthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
% a6 H3 _2 Q4 ?# C+ Xmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
4 t" `+ T; @, p/ Z1 E7 R  rchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of, J# Q- L0 i. O3 I% f0 d
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-, C0 ~3 D/ i+ h9 n' A
bly more common than the rare case report in the
; Q* Y' b6 f9 {! Y) X) s2 Xliterature.4
+ L' t) N5 B, m# ZPatient Report) S; w, m- r$ \% n' S* A, z5 I
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the" f( t: F8 |& k+ ?
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
# D6 }9 p6 I9 n6 m9 o! L$ F5 ]+ }of early sexual development. His mother noticed
- @5 h  Z- w8 k8 D" Elight colored pubic hair development when he was
7 y# G/ B7 I$ Y9 q6 l4 [) L, D3 [. yFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
" F- I! J  e. d1 ZSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
& s6 w6 Z0 {( H- w7 T- nAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,+ n. v2 J. H# v
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of0 u2 t7 i7 l# q* ?2 U
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;6 M. U2 {6 G% w& R+ u8 A9 H
e-mail: [email protected].8 u2 W5 b) C% T
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
! I+ A' o) R3 ]! Xdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
0 n# w! m) ]; o4 N* e! ^ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
$ }8 S6 m2 f$ wwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with! r0 p! y' u$ n0 ^& u, x1 g
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
3 }( ^$ v, L' K: E+ F, r# U; U20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
* U0 T: ^1 d  O) m$ Pof life and was still receiving breast milk along with5 A6 A% L5 `2 P  C
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
* ]; @9 Y" p: l$ d# x$ D( s' G( vand his psychosocial and psychomotor development% E' Q$ }! k' q5 o5 S8 Y2 p* K  L( O
was age appropriate.$ t' G; K3 w- i4 ?! P$ P) u: P
The family history was remarkable for the father,# _/ X  e' X) t5 ~
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
+ N/ x! s2 ?% U( rwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
; c5 T8 n) q! D% }; e2 W- q$ `  }height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat. \1 T: F# z& R1 l3 j9 X, ]' ]
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
5 f: Z+ P( a! v2 G& mThe father denied taking any other medication. The0 s. [( I: X' y* s
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche  Z  Y' \  k2 u5 r
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
" |( h$ M* P* T* e5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-% ], C+ ~; T+ ?$ d
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
) u+ \8 n( I) W; q) Htives. There were no siblings.. _/ L: T, b% ~# U  }
Physical Examination$ z7 b0 g! d' I
The physical examination revealed a very active,  Y, `  j3 l3 J8 l
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented# b: u& H% E* [& [! M0 h
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
$ }! A9 b! f4 r0 ]- S90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg7 Z5 i6 m; {- y7 U. P) [
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth2 N- b* E( Q3 |5 ?" t" q
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of; z, u* a9 d3 k6 M. J
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
( ^7 t( q1 C" A! m' d2 RThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for4 D& {7 {; {4 l
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of' A$ B7 F  J8 f) [6 r
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well% _6 C9 h  P/ Q. B  P6 p" B: j
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
0 d" ]3 p7 v$ |: f3 V1 J: z540
: P9 Y  F9 h8 ]0 W  y$ Cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 k$ W, r' l2 z/ o& |
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
. b# N" }2 \7 X- U/ [, g7 |+ Vtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
4 A% n! U/ c: x$ [5 FThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat$ n; A8 r& U- k
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
! N% a& Z. b+ \, A' T( oabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.: D7 P/ c7 j1 l' Q5 e
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+) p6 ~% d2 j- K0 K0 z
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion3 L) n* H- Y& D- m
of papilledema.
/ f: F7 X0 x+ e8 S1 XLaboratory Evaluation
8 l/ Q' E( E) M" Y: d# `1 l& ZThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
- \+ Y7 E( j5 g. Vusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
) q5 |; R- E# m4 r* G6 J3 Ulogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
2 Q) T/ r+ C2 l' {4 n6 P$ @karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test) Z, p0 g' n; g6 ?5 [: U
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-2 A; a# G7 l' B* k2 A6 E& V6 z. O
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 A# \5 m4 T0 k9 @0 o1 \7 XThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood1 h6 E9 |+ \9 j! [/ y  e8 s% k
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were# w4 p& ]: J/ ]+ B" I+ d
within normal range for his age. The concentration: @1 s7 t4 P0 ]2 Z2 W! `8 p
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL7 _. L/ O" R+ e- ^
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
5 [" A/ D  q) f4 w( @ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-3 {. q  `+ {" @8 P; [
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
' M3 H: q2 N* ]. qdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
1 Q2 ^9 p7 y5 ?2 v6 S: i& E49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
% K$ ]3 V5 i5 `" a& _was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-) A4 x4 E& e5 K: s$ S/ c) Q
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total( I7 j+ Q# \+ u0 C
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),# R' `7 f+ f7 J! g* \+ |0 K9 Y
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than  o2 W, _; ~( w0 v
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
( P. O7 S0 Z% {( X# \, F8 r2 ]0 xstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone3 d" }/ y- @/ k% {1 T
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
1 y/ d% Y3 x1 Z(prepubertal).5 @6 |: q4 b/ m; d6 B
The parents were notified about the laboratory
) r$ f$ L" X& K* ^, k$ j7 [results and were informed that all of the tests were
5 e+ a. f  _: U" x: Inormal except the testosterone level was high. The! J3 J& t0 w: c; m( t
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
( j* G5 ~: C# \2 X( O2 }obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-7 o; b6 ?% ?& K# n  |& {
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.7 R0 n% ~. ?5 [) J" l5 G7 f7 K: o
Physical examination at this time revealed that the% t* {7 H, C! z; {" S( [
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
- W7 F! Z! k6 I9 D# I2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
$ g& D/ D4 [) ~4 t. {& v! z7 ]  ^. yunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-7 G8 M/ e. `5 D
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
/ D' L! u3 n; s3 Othe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
6 V: E, z" J( i) M, _& N( l& h1 \mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.- {& \, r) _7 s
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
* U" m! \. i( N/ H% j' w: Ving frequent erections.  L  V  U& H* K! x3 {
Both parents were again questioned about use of. P" j8 z) Z+ K/ ^3 u' R, ^7 J
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
3 s5 Y6 d* l+ W7 f; a$ rthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the0 f: z$ y* p/ B' n7 U2 p6 a0 M4 q
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541( @0 N: F; x: T/ S' n0 e
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
; y. U$ d" S# H, d" ming over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
7 p8 n( `1 o7 g; S( X# ~a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
3 t- G1 |0 y! {- Fto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-" ?& b. `3 S( J8 _+ g9 d( `
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido1 l* X  p, b9 F4 `; \2 M
secondary to depression.9 m0 _+ A$ i* m9 p
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
- R7 H. v8 J- T! |$ r6 v/ o$ i5 E2 @The father would hug the baby and hold him on his% q4 |( W4 t. G( r4 J
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
+ y. @$ {' w& k/ ]7 I& ynificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
% S8 T$ R" E& k9 MThe father also admitted that after the phone call,: o* W$ T, K* l. i7 l1 R
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby, j- j. K- Z- P0 v9 F" |0 c
was high, he then read the product information
" r# U& L0 B. {* W1 Z; ]1 ^packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-7 d8 C& Q2 i4 L' S
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
* Q5 L0 N: c5 l+ `0 Hdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
* [3 L7 {+ d+ \" a( M3 Efather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
( q% r' v9 G1 A. a1 Ybeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone  y& o+ I8 ^! a6 H/ W8 i8 Q+ l
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the$ K$ M! S) n- {$ l) y1 l
laboratory to obtain the test.
- g; Z5 K# B/ ^4 t0 E, c6 B, Z% SDiscussion; @: m9 ^/ T( s: \
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary4 h; b6 Z( H, x7 k
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,49 z5 |: h9 @/ H+ R$ g; Q* \' |
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when  f# s0 N1 F. t
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-2 r  D5 e/ s4 R7 y. J. b7 f, E
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-/ e, T4 K0 q5 e  k) X! U
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP% m8 }8 N7 T. y: y! `2 x
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
1 e4 u, I* P0 Wresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-' M( y9 G: w  b- Y* n6 c6 c
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-6 i( K5 Q  ~9 R- d2 X* Y9 m0 k' p
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
! r3 v4 f* Z  D- Z, [boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-, R) i* p  b2 `: _; i
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
2 R4 W/ h/ }2 I% g0 ]rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
5 i; l9 h, b' p( i/ q- ygonadotropins.1,3+ A# B6 V0 l* A$ p
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-: C8 Y3 v. \" y  E3 T
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate: a) {6 B! p8 V8 \7 V' o
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or7 k7 J: h( E2 i% K3 H; v% G
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
- j: c1 ]$ Y; X9 F. oulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
' I- I% ~6 o7 L2 r) Econgenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
5 o5 Y& m+ j  R4 ]% T* Zadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
- F+ G& ]% L' a3 S3 ^6 Apuberty in boys.3,46 ~+ q4 \9 p) {. r/ r
The most common form of congenital adrenal
0 U! b, U0 C2 f9 x4 \hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.1 [  P8 Q9 i' G! Q8 r! v2 Y
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in6 j- c( Q) Q/ ^* O2 f
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
+ a) ~7 f6 F) ?an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
$ G: M( W0 R  J& R; Y% {+ |excess.1,3
7 Z5 P* U' S% {- S- w9 I0 ~at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. K8 l0 E# U5 \
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
9 Q9 n* |/ f& eA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-+ k5 j5 L* c  X) b
independent precocious puberty, which is also known' w- j3 B( O6 U! }( Y3 m# Z
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
3 g# s) [2 {- O/ }very young age. The physical findings in these boys4 u3 s5 @" H& s/ J
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
7 _8 e3 Q5 p5 B  Oincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
4 ~8 ]. f! X- H# c! \5 wwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder& c% j! D+ b7 e9 ?- B3 J1 N9 ~
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show; J0 O2 ~; \4 g$ n4 L( a& H
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
: n& u+ }- I* vreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked8 |/ ^1 y7 \- A( D+ @1 a5 ]/ o: c+ A* F
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only% v0 w! G- G" h, s  o
males; therefore, other male members of the family
1 E0 e/ M5 v* k) hmay have similar precocious puberty.3
7 |: v- y; o* }In our patient, physical examination was incon-
8 m/ e( j5 |5 T* o$ I& Hsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-' f4 i: F7 S4 S/ q) U
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
- ~6 J7 d$ D/ \- o1 p4 Q/ c9 ywas in the differential diagnosis because his father& W% e; r# k& K$ r6 B" X8 H
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
' ?% g/ ?' L* Y+ Mtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the! o% F4 ]; A1 U, [7 Z9 @
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-; o8 J9 S. N# d$ ]. t8 r  J
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our# {. Z" K: l! ~! E" V0 C1 j* }
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,/ c- C" |* ~$ z* B" I5 Y- z4 A
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase% [7 W4 H/ }5 {5 T: M; j+ N9 m& e
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-' z# Z9 S) _% S% L% k
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.; Z0 Y! s6 ?0 r# I6 J: L
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly8 a6 [2 `  g/ P8 r6 n5 L, a
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
0 D( n2 I2 T1 I3 t; wthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
; \. Q  n. M/ V# n5 ^pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and- X3 i5 z# x/ X* o, l) K# j
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
5 ^1 y/ e. i8 F7 b6 c5 d1 ?- }terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was8 b. j6 J; G" y3 C' h7 u; [
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’% J& v$ c+ \' h; S% U
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or4 D+ o% [2 u! O$ V9 C
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
" e* L. i5 W# V& P% ]. |; }unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
- F( d4 K( O8 y* rSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the& _4 f3 L+ G1 i- v4 J% |5 f
baseline value in those females who were exposed to" X5 }! }0 y+ Y$ |" \; d! E
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
. z, W% Z0 |3 L1 s' b+ N- Jpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
9 B. u2 c. n/ s! D  @% ?* p# Vtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
, R% W5 U* S' Q2 ^- o- TOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,, T8 W" m8 u6 P7 s+ Q- }' y( D5 H* m
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that; \) G! k7 c2 d/ Z" ?5 [) A( u4 I! O
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
9 L7 j, j7 S/ t, s) b* |: _. Cterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more% j2 l% ~( m6 U0 ?: \- R
active in young children exposed to testosterone2 C- D, S. ?% T3 f& ^( G
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
( @1 P: r9 @0 b% O0 J  [2 Idrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to& Q7 M8 j6 W- u/ C/ K/ o
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in* w8 G1 Q3 K2 }) p0 W
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
4 Q# ]) O' U% G/ b7 Yadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
9 o$ T1 }. f, |3 u& T0 k( AThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during0 ]! ]3 `* l8 p  e
early childhood on pubertal development and final% k; \: s6 l5 X0 a5 q* f" Y( x
adult height are not fully known and always remain* _/ x/ x9 ?+ O/ K
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
  v" }+ P0 J. X9 N" K8 o; V3 U* {terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
+ s% x$ w% t# \  B2 x4 [4 eacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
$ z) h' _! e, M6 Scessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
' ]1 k) H: Y2 U( e6 Cdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. U* V& T/ N! y' O) l$ e
There are conflicting reports and controversy
% P9 f% Q  L6 p/ b: hover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
- ^% ~9 @& Z: ppenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
! T8 z/ |3 V4 t5 }' B" Qadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-& c% E: P4 `+ k
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,7 |! m. w2 v  m: s( C4 }' X
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
% \* x  ^, q8 G) h9 ~  ychildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
) t9 B" ~& C: w. u! H& vpenile length in clinical studies., n) P' Q/ J  s# U" I7 H1 `' n
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
: s1 U& n9 ?( ~, c! U! Igoing to experience any of the untoward effects from! u0 L$ W3 Y+ P" Q1 S3 q! C
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because" X' p9 ]( N/ X+ `6 t
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.$ ^" ?! Y  M3 G  x" T
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
8 S6 I/ |% a' G# y  }diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
, B' i. C5 t. I& n% j9 x  Rthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
# }2 Y; v9 T6 |2 a2 Q/ j6 _6 Bheight will not be affected.
( p/ [& Q6 m7 J- W- `8 K# P# DAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
, f9 C2 x5 n9 Y- oability of androgen products in our society may
( c9 H, I% y- d7 u" X  [7 P; Rindeed cause more virilization in male or female
( z# k9 U) j9 _4 Ychildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
% R) ]5 `, ^6 L$ H/ t0 |! pgen products must be considered and specific ques-( X# L* \* J& j4 W% v# |
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
4 i) y. s7 I) dgel should be asked of the family members during& x1 x' Z0 f, a) A
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-7 J: ]9 T0 A& A/ |% c% Z
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
  B; i# Z7 r4 y+ B1 nnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
- B$ Y+ l6 P, W! uappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
: n# B' a  q$ V1 k/ E: @2 vhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
) ^& u  u1 i( @  H+ I2 Kresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
) W; _4 b! v4 R5 q+ }: ginvestigation. The primary care physician should be' S9 G7 V0 J, M: [! h
aware of this fact, because most of these children
& l" J, i! ~1 y+ \may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
+ Q9 r0 d- x( _6 V6 H8 G" `* B: JDesk Reference and package insert should also put a& H  _& A8 }7 [# X! n5 G
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or; D# Z- s) \' x: M6 D
female child who might come in contact with some-/ l* {/ J4 M* r: u
one using any of these products.% L1 n% N. ]. u& C  P4 t
References7 R* K+ Q8 @9 U" @
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
) h! p3 f. V9 B0 V7 gand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric; `8 U# }# }) M9 W  u
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;2 k: Y5 C* \) A' p( _/ Z8 e3 B
2002: 565-628.
6 r$ Z5 ?" s4 r- U7 i; k/ y2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
$ ]& g: P) C# x( ^4 x7 upuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old5 w- u' e, V. P- x
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical& O5 ~; ^9 v, B( }- Z8 H
Exposure to Testosterone
$ j% D  W( }4 j7 fSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
: z  g+ n# N# G) P' t3 @+ g0 _and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
) L) X& ~% ^# U- P+ A1 a: n1 A9 K0 NClinical Pediatrics/ U7 {5 U1 y5 p- q7 t& ]
Volume 46 Number 6
4 K) _5 Q( w8 V9 _: m. P1 R: RJuly 2007 540-543
5 d) g; ?  |7 b( V& }© 2007 Sage Publications" \. M9 _% R7 S( U. N6 H; v
10.1177/0009922806296651
# C2 C- Z/ K. H0 l; vhttp://clp.sagepub.com$ G% p  E5 w# I4 B( y! R
hosted at
! v+ U; e3 b( }, p% V9 X6 S3 K% qhttp://online.sagepub.com! C3 @/ _6 J0 r8 t/ N1 b+ b
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
% E7 l: a- ]% z8 C- o6 {3 A/ @is a significant concern for physicians. Central, V2 w1 O3 B. i9 a, c
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
0 n# S$ p/ S& a% p; Xthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has1 W0 U) C1 X! P3 D5 z; n
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
2 P' O. N3 {& elesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested- R; T$ g0 Y8 r* C
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
3 M% Q5 D: n" R$ lhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-/ X: q& _* w3 t; ?% M0 y' Y
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
" q' g3 l2 U7 E, I% H" @report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
+ }8 Y' C5 \- W# O% I% penlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
5 O  y9 F& D; {  ~ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
  `& g2 k4 f2 w: H7 y* ~to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by+ A1 `( W) K( \9 R+ b
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
9 {$ S# ]$ G5 u0 H& }9 L( X! p, cmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
2 c8 `( U# N7 c% i4 w: Schild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
$ i5 u" H! ~2 R0 `& z3 i- I; Rtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
5 e6 g6 m$ }* g$ z" A" _' pbly more common than the rare case report in the# B3 N+ C; {' a) d  q
literature.45 u+ P% @6 o, ^; S
Patient Report" u- i3 W! e8 _9 m: G" |) a1 D
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the$ x# C, [# T7 a' \1 i' u( U
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
; l- P) I7 d2 l$ |2 _; Fof early sexual development. His mother noticed
5 E: u( y2 W% i, u6 f2 `, m" _light colored pubic hair development when he was* a- d; U  H6 k8 c5 k7 {
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
# ?4 }4 ^* R7 F4 T1 ESouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.4 p7 D9 t8 a* B& i5 A. u! g7 P
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 I) w$ x% i( f  p8 \
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
" w% v6 K2 n3 @; ZMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
" e( e/ U) p8 u& W2 G7 Le-mail: [email protected].
- |  W* i) @; ?! L, X. aabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
$ s6 f+ }/ O$ A" vdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) r( Z& u" [+ c8 q+ v) @& G
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
7 G  R* P& U/ p+ d7 bwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with2 [0 B, {9 M" o, {' H
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
' m) V. @3 s6 B" V+ j20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
3 M: {$ O! v6 eof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
2 r1 @2 N, z7 m7 b- ]solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,( ^. j& F) x# a4 @, E" `
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development- U0 B5 x' C+ B0 d4 g. ]6 q
was age appropriate.# S3 t% |% u& L/ L# O7 b3 Y
The family history was remarkable for the father,
- |0 W  `6 Q5 ~. Qwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
) Z- Y) r$ S: D% {: a9 h* Swhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s7 D: O* O8 A+ k$ I. p" X  }( f
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
5 ?# s; J1 G2 f* u( Jearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
8 k$ y! Z' h* [  H( m0 q# ]The father denied taking any other medication. The' U+ i7 f( ]5 Y+ O% y7 l  F7 o
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche3 P4 @$ Q+ g) O( C* w& T  k
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet, K9 w4 v8 x) \8 M/ d; u3 U% ?
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-  A6 q' M# H  _) [! g
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-( n. i8 ~% v& s% `4 M
tives. There were no siblings.
  c( {1 d0 E- M2 v9 jPhysical Examination7 I1 l3 t% F8 d1 [
The physical examination revealed a very active,+ F3 L; o) X( t; f) \) p1 d
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
) R: W7 @3 k. b- G1 T7 ga blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was9 ]4 r+ }3 Y# x  b* }  F* I
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg. |& x' R9 C- l2 l
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth! H, v  f' g& l
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of4 |1 ], R/ |2 U0 j% G, u, ]* e7 P
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
2 C4 Q1 F5 T1 Q3 rThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
0 X1 w* F+ R+ [6 D; W: \enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
  i+ `. F8 W9 J9 Y8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
. ?( L, H! m# W* @. O( }6 e. Xdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around4 h8 @( r" C' c" P
540
/ s, F" W5 ~: U4 ^! Vat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ e/ H: S8 k, r; T; L+ v1 ?5 u
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
' B6 w) d5 ]5 I7 _  jtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.+ y; Q; E- Z- x( x' p
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat9 O, t, A: ^9 A
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
! z8 g( j2 S' w  i$ H* t) n' Oabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.' s# y# k' y- \
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+& N! G1 _2 _; E: _/ W
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
' t; k* d/ `, x$ Q5 J. }of papilledema.: }7 y( u" `5 D0 g5 U/ Q- i$ b
Laboratory Evaluation
3 K1 p( I5 V* k$ i' w" g! u" `The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
6 a7 l2 R% v/ W+ ?6 eusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
3 v& o& i% ^. M+ b7 D$ {6 alogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
- l* @1 M) b& n( gkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test7 J1 R- k6 b% S1 P6 [
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-. w2 @9 s4 z7 g! q9 y
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).1 b1 k# F* q+ y$ a# ~
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 H* Z* |3 l3 Z: t) V0 {% w: f
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were5 ]6 E# E% b( P! z! R$ H
within normal range for his age. The concentration
. k) e0 J! P5 M5 c, |1 s# y: lof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
! P' l) F# }4 M) E3 s1 b: F3 T# H(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 205 R* s, g4 t9 v3 o, j
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-/ \. C# V/ S) i) `5 J
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
1 X; F1 o% m/ O; H% g* e0 Ddesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
+ X; K$ F. y% h2 x; m. ~49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)# j% g4 }) n0 m* ^
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
1 O/ F( I  \, c" q' etisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total/ z+ t% l. W. `# }# \
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
; g5 V5 m+ N/ I4 c# |1 y- ~and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than# D- {5 g) m& {5 d# {
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
, h$ J2 o& G5 C2 m% Hstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
) P5 k6 }1 h1 @/ E4 y3 sconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
! f; b) ~) Q: R5 j0 T! t(prepubertal).* n. P. {8 N8 {4 ]
The parents were notified about the laboratory( I4 q, T' B# x8 g1 o
results and were informed that all of the tests were
8 v8 j& C4 f* d0 s+ mnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
9 M9 E* D1 ~. u- g0 tfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
; M" Z0 W2 I: R9 k, G  a+ kobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" j- f* }* w5 l/ ?2 C- Y0 i
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.) f* y7 t, O9 u" C2 ]
Physical examination at this time revealed that the) Z& ]) `- W1 `* H
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained% Y7 T: B9 F& i, \
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained, V5 A# B) A5 H4 c* u7 V
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
" i9 a, f7 ^9 h$ d4 Z0 Gpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at1 K+ p# o! u, H0 f
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
" b" \- r: I' H; M( FmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
% T& P; g$ [  E2 f7 k. WThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
) }! ^) d8 z, Q2 }& X4 Ming frequent erections.1 R1 o5 e2 x3 a/ L, p$ h
Both parents were again questioned about use of' P! U! q; o7 X, j0 [5 C& [
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to* x: N* }6 ?" c: _3 k' U
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
2 v) b( }7 q8 s# \Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5415 E- B9 Z: Z* Y
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-% _1 X/ u* ~0 |( V! r
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for* a3 i( |( G' Q. R2 Y  D& a
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
1 B( R3 l0 E+ |! u+ F5 j% Hto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
  \6 n" j1 F& Zscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 [# V4 o  Z) c3 }8 psecondary to depression." I1 P% k9 a+ u9 _
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
  V% o+ ^8 B- O& lThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his# L# A  _2 E  r" ]1 F# E0 g, X! J- B
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-  l; T) U' y8 d2 H  I: {
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
/ |/ q) O1 |9 [The father also admitted that after the phone call,
5 I, l4 }6 ~$ M! Vwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
" K7 S8 W( k; @2 J: ^" Twas high, he then read the product information
. R  w* j* q  v& g) t; Ipacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
+ Q- j- v4 E9 |+ Rson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
9 k$ R! c& K% n0 P1 b- p0 H, ~decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the( B# f- W- J9 w: V& n; `/ I# ~
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
/ b% p: d: C: H5 R6 }7 qbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
6 }( i& q" w0 Q; A! h7 `0 ~test was ordered, but the family did not go to the+ h' ^6 P4 v/ L2 W) k$ v2 d
laboratory to obtain the test.
- l8 z9 L1 R5 B$ ]. bDiscussion% j* S* x- f  r* r* y& F
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary5 O7 T' s6 B1 I5 m1 \
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,49 L& W7 \; |4 Q5 s/ h6 n
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
& a# u" K- I" hit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
$ ?, \% C8 F. }6 X5 Qthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-5 l' ?2 M3 v( ]: r, ?7 I4 j
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
/ v5 G( ?: j- {/ N. @0 Ymay have a central nervous system lesion that is
; }3 {3 n; A: a. @! oresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
( d2 b+ o) \% C& R$ `. gamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
  W9 x" H( g0 K$ i1 Ssis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
4 c! T) H+ R9 K: X! |& O" uboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ b' x% l- N$ d6 q
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-6 ?+ Z) {: |' c6 B( X& i! N
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
3 u% X$ M( L, ]  X" k! {gonadotropins.1,3$ D7 l( `+ ~. I/ S2 H
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-! t' w, A2 b4 b& O
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
6 k7 T! c: n3 I& u" l6 V% Nandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
4 [8 m! o0 c( y8 K3 pexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-( h! B5 a) [5 N
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing6 A0 s, R" F5 C  g! V
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive4 X% k2 @5 Y/ r3 C+ H" Y
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious1 b; H# {' P; j" N6 W, i
puberty in boys.3,4
1 ?9 A# T5 ?6 [7 H7 g2 C* cThe most common form of congenital adrenal
5 E) K$ C6 s5 t$ f8 Ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
& ^% s, z! g4 M8 D) vThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
8 D) T6 ?8 M+ B5 Gexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,9 {; }3 K7 c5 m8 q/ y- p
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
- c( O% I( _9 l- E# [& Eexcess.1,3* ?7 F1 F1 e7 N+ p5 ]$ S' X
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from" W) Z+ h8 D6 o: P
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
- c3 G& M& r& `' ~  C$ D: q9 ^" uA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
+ {- \# H% {! a. F9 z0 O+ `/ Eindependent precocious puberty, which is also known3 |8 E8 h( I- ]' y6 }. X: D
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a' n% e& b0 k8 |' G; s6 u+ c' J7 Q
very young age. The physical findings in these boys; u0 L& }6 P  @4 M2 X* O' h+ K
with this disorder are full pubertal development,7 W: B7 c8 B- x: v
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
/ f2 ?! `) n1 ?$ u! Mwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
0 y( N& h6 p+ q, ~+ B& u- T# n% ^, Fare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show( @& L/ a9 V# V. J% ?
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
2 g; w1 l! [) s( preleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
  C7 ~2 H! Y; k! Tautosomal dominant disorder that affects only# m! R* b3 \7 e0 i
males; therefore, other male members of the family- X- M3 q2 ]  u8 ]/ `
may have similar precocious puberty.3
/ v7 ]- k6 t4 \0 |& L* n+ O( b3 fIn our patient, physical examination was incon-7 @# d% s: F& E4 t2 N# d
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-' B3 k; D) S9 Y
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
* ^% r* \* a; @: W% b; vwas in the differential diagnosis because his father7 s5 y3 k8 \# p
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,# `0 F. D0 z) e" v8 P
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
3 M, V9 W8 [7 j& }, ybeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
: H# T- v- U# \9 mative initial history of androgen exposure, our/ S2 c% P5 P; L/ j/ F
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
% Q* f- v3 k6 \: [' @' Geither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
" [6 E/ T: k# c6 Qdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
( U$ Y+ T# V5 c* @  C/ ]6 ding the normal level of adrenal steroids.
3 u7 x  Z5 i1 C; SThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly' O9 {/ B1 ^# L2 ]( T$ ~
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
5 N* y8 y4 D0 S$ {9 D6 C# Qthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
# W# \8 s, @$ b& W: @7 i4 _- K( fpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
# }2 }3 J5 K1 Kdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-" M" Z! ^& j, X9 M7 R- C' L+ F5 p
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
% }; i% s6 h5 H: d2 Yusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’6 B  ]. _* g' e) o% p* [4 O- }" m
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
' [: p, p+ c4 {/ Z$ ]8 mcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to# P2 {+ f9 v/ q" a) ^
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.3 E$ _& ~( S' Y) N; E
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the6 v9 r$ w0 k( ^: M( ~
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
; `$ H' ?) O! {, N5 c( i5 S$ deven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male0 _. T1 d( W! r2 D
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
, c6 ^: \; q9 F0 z0 Ktion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
2 L8 z2 G4 \" o& y# k5 ?Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
# L0 V" ]' _7 |- c6 U' E" Mwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
& E; \; f9 X' L5 L5 h3 U2 cdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
1 a2 @" q0 _* B- s2 j' r: Lterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
/ ]" L5 q/ s) E' k+ ?7 Lactive in young children exposed to testosterone
/ ]" K! g5 g) {( l9 Z9 i3 C  l5 Dexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-6 _6 ^: K5 S& M5 V% T
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
5 n7 s) G5 M6 L! I, g; g! ovirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
/ q% N8 X" s2 G' `6 gchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and& B3 Y3 T4 Q$ |1 v, @+ O
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
: U: g+ h$ t, s  [2 s( TThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
/ ?, G/ p& ~: F. c- ]9 x1 Bearly childhood on pubertal development and final
" c2 U. m+ J# }" T4 I+ s) kadult height are not fully known and always remain% T+ v* {1 f3 K/ D0 R
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
, [( K7 {' y5 Eterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
# T6 Q) S  N' n/ y9 g* t8 P7 R( _acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
3 g  l. ^- l: z4 v9 O! Ncessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation) p0 h2 }  y% e
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9! i. P$ ~$ Q7 P5 I# z& E5 K
There are conflicting reports and controversy
" U- W: b' E( B- G# G. J9 d, yover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult; G0 s. q3 L  P9 D$ q9 E
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal4 q2 y0 T' O7 k; Y0 X" X/ t* [* y5 ^& r4 d
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-/ f: c' K$ S) B, s
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
2 E( x3 H  q, y) `! D2 XSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
$ h! `5 K% x) |* M/ lchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
( h7 d' g1 |( {: Cpenile length in clinical studies.
  ?: V5 L' Z# p' e! t  K, |  tNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
8 x/ J9 k' K8 k: Ogoing to experience any of the untoward effects from0 A2 ~5 q) s. T& |  u% e. N
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because. k% w' @1 z% }1 M& }
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
2 a% [, |, d* }; g0 U. ?Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
/ D; k, B$ }6 L7 z2 Qdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
2 e3 Y4 D; {7 b) U) Uthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult. t1 s9 r( s0 D! ~4 }4 r( D$ V2 K7 W
height will not be affected.
: W/ Q# k% l9 k: B3 w3 M; `) y: J) q8 v) j4 ?Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-5 h! ?) L( w& I: Z5 T
ability of androgen products in our society may
, G3 ^8 N9 v: f1 v$ e" s% Gindeed cause more virilization in male or female
7 M/ g7 M% C: z9 I1 W$ E2 r# }8 Bchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-  x. g* Q2 W/ y
gen products must be considered and specific ques-' v; `  h2 i& m- [6 ]+ y
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
4 ~' _! u" b# Kgel should be asked of the family members during
- [  |5 R% L6 Hthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
3 S1 O( y0 S9 ~/ \6 e# k+ G0 ^5 e/ }ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
# C! A" ]+ K, X1 Q6 f' nnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
( [$ T. `2 o: s, T  k% E3 vappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
  R5 N3 X, n5 u* nhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
& z* H% T' B/ ]. l0 h" presult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
4 |+ q+ y+ K1 e; j# Dinvestigation. The primary care physician should be* z0 X/ G" |7 R
aware of this fact, because most of these children
6 p* w6 M! `& e& @  vmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’) z% v4 ]1 V0 F" [" w  O6 ]
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
0 N, |, E8 P# N( S' N5 X6 mwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or0 x6 U; N& N; ^0 D3 F) t
female child who might come in contact with some-
3 X. U2 u2 o4 ]one using any of these products.
7 W3 d1 Y) z: a; FReferences
* }8 n/ D+ P# ?0 Y, |8 w1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation4 T7 c5 M" E! ~- L3 Y
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric% D( Y/ _$ P. Q6 U# g" l
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
1 W) L2 c8 ]* ]2 W2002: 565-628.
0 n, l5 d% D  y; d+ k1 J* H- }1 t  y2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
: V7 A8 R1 r* i2 Q6 |6 |! Vpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

& I4 ~# L+ P8 i# M7 c, D! A精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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