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is a significant concern for physicians. Central$ D( j* L- b: h
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
' q. {' r! r7 o, F; d. wthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has( p; n( R; t5 [6 k
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system, n, y- `% Q6 h& m$ e( l
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested4 x+ u) H- I! h9 @
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic4 o# E$ U: Y$ R# _( y3 f
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-. t  d9 v8 B1 q- H8 W! O4 M. {
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
5 e+ Z* T/ @) }, jreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
" C3 T7 [$ T: z: k5 m- fenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-) w; Y& i9 u" E. Y* y5 t" g
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due; G9 g) {; K& P% B
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
2 x% |4 z2 }" ^. nthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-2 j4 K) o% p0 e- x; [% C5 F
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
% e' _" a3 s0 g/ G+ pchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of' h: v( H) D9 [& X2 I- {( |
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
; a& o% f! T+ V  n" `bly more common than the rare case report in the. I2 [1 H6 {; _1 n; ]
literature.4
( X& T8 V2 v( QPatient Report. s; T  [% k& s+ H0 Y5 b% d4 D
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
. ?9 p  Q' W& x2 x% e+ Z/ m$ Pendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern; o3 `* G, x" b  x" ?* u8 ]
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
' m3 Z% }5 Q/ A7 D- j; llight colored pubic hair development when he was4 ~+ t% Q1 q! s/ M) |) v! ~4 ~5 y: `
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of) Y3 P% y2 p9 [' v) u9 \6 _. [- J
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
, u- s8 |" I1 d# {. j6 H9 BAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
. B/ x7 v  [5 s' M( [& w5 @  @Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of+ r9 Y9 Q+ l5 U% E
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;8 q$ t8 ?2 s* m! w/ u* j9 n
e-mail: [email protected].
2 c* s' `# ]4 s: Y' p- y3 ~: _2 vabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
2 Y# {" ]0 b/ B! C& |% U, g  \) x. bdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-6 P% v( ]$ ^8 X3 e  G
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child5 P4 m* W# W( h, G! ~8 ?! ^. M
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with( {9 U' Z2 ]1 j
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
; f: o" z3 }' Z  A0 f  [20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
) \  d& W( j( b  o; Zof life and was still receiving breast milk along with  b; w/ e9 e2 W" S
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
$ `) m: r( C- }9 p) z. Jand his psychosocial and psychomotor development5 o4 @( q0 e" l+ `! C0 d
was age appropriate.: V- S# ]( `6 n- `0 q1 P* t) j' U
The family history was remarkable for the father,
8 [* W0 a7 b2 Bwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
& o3 m( [/ X% F: ?$ }- hwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s, g2 t5 X% P6 a" U1 k5 n9 i4 o
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat6 D* M' b8 w5 z/ b. V1 k( Z
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.8 ^! [0 d- M" L3 e! K( y
The father denied taking any other medication. The
1 Q4 V* F3 u2 x0 w/ Cchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche: i5 C- I$ g, N- v8 C' M/ D
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
$ q' B2 p2 m8 v* @; H7 W3 S5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-2 r9 B" R2 f1 M& K
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-: x) I# Z3 U# p- o' K
tives. There were no siblings.9 d6 z7 G  t- ^7 D
Physical Examination
1 ?- K  y6 m0 {) |) E* ^% K! ]/ ]The physical examination revealed a very active,
) H0 z1 u, j' k8 v/ x$ L3 ~playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* I) X: @/ y4 C5 K
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was, u. F! w: P; h7 u% c- z5 ?
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
' v, q5 F& O& Q3 P' H# ](also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
: c5 B: ?; K. |: G3 g3 ?" \& G1 i& Gvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of2 e$ D9 i, j4 G+ g" s7 C. U
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
" c: _% h; d$ A4 ~( F* n: I* I8 ^The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
+ K. d2 V- M" v2 _8 R! J- Senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of1 j( v3 _/ t* A' O) @) Y' ^( I
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
6 J! n0 Y! J" udeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
7 Q1 x- {. b4 t% |! }" d540
2 `; W7 _7 n7 b0 p. Jat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from, x6 o/ A3 g# L7 h
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
0 L7 S/ N* c% E9 D. [testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.0 H2 D7 w6 v- U6 E/ i
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat" i8 H0 O( {' F1 }' [* g6 `
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no$ v0 b, `9 A+ n8 V1 `/ d3 U; v7 E
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.0 D6 o0 j# L- I! ]! h2 |
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
) W, D) I+ ?. T! ?0 nbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
: t, R- M3 |' P, z& ]* L6 [. `' mof papilledema.6 m+ T) j" Q5 ]0 _6 w, v
Laboratory Evaluation
: E2 s" `5 H2 J! L0 }The bone age was consistent with 28 months by, x" d* d4 C: w0 b
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-9 h8 L, P( Y3 ?- T9 E
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal; c& @( X. P( K$ B" V
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
  ]; P! {# t) `* E. A- Kshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
/ V" g9 S# L: _6 O$ {lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).( @, u8 |0 e% F6 @, T0 z9 R
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
) H) O8 @8 \$ Q9 R5 {$ a# Q0 U+ turea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were$ A' }% a' _% h+ [7 s$ x3 R
within normal range for his age. The concentration7 L6 Y# Q( V1 F7 \7 e
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL! ?  y! P  z" Z( ?9 a7 u
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20" r! P8 s+ a+ I, Q$ g3 t8 `
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-7 R5 P( \: h9 F5 T
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
7 I* z1 Q& @( Z; z' |; Vdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to6 E0 }9 W& O# F% ~: U
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
' K1 [( Q: i7 A! P- |was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-8 r) q+ |% _  i& C7 \' W
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
" y( _0 x+ B0 ~1 r' Atestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),5 c& h$ `- W) R  o
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than5 v9 \' Z- \4 U
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
6 g9 _7 r/ |0 M& U- B' J- |- F# Estimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone5 H0 g. F) x: r: Q. j- D, T9 R
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL  B) c7 |! j' r) c. h# K
(prepubertal).- S, n8 h- P% B, s
The parents were notified about the laboratory
1 s" O0 Y! r9 u' b# P. |% e2 nresults and were informed that all of the tests were( }7 c2 [+ X- W9 d. K& ^& R
normal except the testosterone level was high. The* X* t1 j" ^  F* k1 i0 I& [% A
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
8 t( K; y3 W# A$ z# [2 _% V- f% Uobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-# Y0 C+ J: ]' D9 g
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.6 _$ {0 Z" Z1 \& n! }
Physical examination at this time revealed that the6 p# P% A  s0 G4 O, \4 w: \
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained/ F7 B; y9 A$ F. X
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
  X7 @, A& s! C; y# e3 l( K! b' ounchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
- ~4 P8 m5 R4 O# I) I  tpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
9 Y$ K2 m: W8 P. @/ J" V$ }the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 21 ]# W5 O' d) r, Q, s0 ~# Z
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
0 g' j" R, H/ nThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
$ L* I  E5 O- C' D3 O5 I) Aing frequent erections.
: h- i$ @' B8 p# L  v0 ?. ^7 OBoth parents were again questioned about use of
) q0 U2 J" R) Z; F* p9 s& Oany ointment/creams that they may have applied to" z# b0 ~% l- z/ }: w
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the) ^, r; F3 l7 R$ o/ ?' {1 P$ v2 K
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5415 i5 V# i: J& [, D
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-; y( {* s$ F; e2 V- h
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for: R) ^" O! w6 P1 v8 f; ~
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
% }; B9 D1 i" J$ Mto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
6 E4 G- g# S, M6 r9 ]! yscribed by his family physician for decreased libido7 k( v9 j* e; B& j. D
secondary to depression.0 F+ S* o6 o8 }' N* \
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
" `; Z- c  e: m: G/ C8 C! j5 cThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
$ x) A/ X7 \. qchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
2 s+ S) e" r4 z+ k4 H5 l! @nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.0 [2 c; e) Y/ b) I6 E3 l
The father also admitted that after the phone call,: P/ @* k  r; ^
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
% k' N; S2 F. q; \% t0 Nwas high, he then read the product information
; P; J7 D  |3 g6 z2 U, I4 `! vpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
5 ?( X( v# |! g! json for the child’s virilization. At that time, they3 C2 b$ F. N; A8 Y( b
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
) x( {) m& v9 u7 _% [6 U8 S4 Pfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had; }- D  V; M" o. G
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone  E9 V) {. H  z% U2 E
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
# y) L* p/ \" p' L* {laboratory to obtain the test.1 C  H3 x& b8 I7 P8 Z8 i6 b. K
Discussion
4 ?$ M8 w: I; O6 W8 a- @9 FPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
, i) k& I( i% Q0 M% ?6 T1 Qsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
" Z" {1 s  Z" D4 m& TPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
: [; `9 m4 g  \! m# U) a$ bit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-6 x0 r( |6 |4 f6 h
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-& G* F. A: U* B( f% D8 A' }
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP# M2 H) p% {  I, u
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
8 I2 D% m. @8 a( wresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-0 G  V2 K. _( w8 r) i3 C. T( |
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-7 k. R/ h/ h( |0 F& i' d
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
# V1 W! O% D5 m! I2 e; ]boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-" A* N# R2 V, B/ B0 w# \2 L
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- _4 v9 W1 p' a) M( Brical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by1 M0 E# |- @3 I% f6 m. M# n
gonadotropins.1,3. N+ ^, i1 d) f# ?- G1 w
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-* k2 I' B: ~4 H! G: d
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate' Z% L7 c/ `: Q4 w
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or) s  S6 O! Y$ ?, O! I% y/ n. c
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
- j6 B' N# u' G" c& j0 n" [$ U' @- ^ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
- |9 d  Y1 c( V: Z; s4 {3 y$ acongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
- b, A" ?* X0 u$ N! J1 a5 ?adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious* s' [$ ?4 W9 C& V' u
puberty in boys.3,4) y0 q2 k- o8 \
The most common form of congenital adrenal
6 `8 \1 d; X7 A  Y' ~+ d9 _hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.7 s/ B9 e" g6 F# z
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in7 g5 c  ?9 G$ c4 m. w7 ~4 I
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,1 ^9 Q7 @# Z# @* Z3 L- v
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen, X+ ~% F4 ], p/ a9 u% A
excess.1,32 e4 z+ k; Y5 \8 X9 ?
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: G* F& X- g, U* b3 w
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
$ T4 {; \# @  aA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-* X3 k& V/ G8 q+ G9 v& [
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
$ O% Y3 B% F- Uas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
; ?" z0 \6 i" z! Hvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
6 T2 |, M+ j: ]  v0 k, w1 Fwith this disorder are full pubertal development,5 \7 |4 v& D5 u
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys) O8 G$ @! T! C- a3 I8 P" Y7 i
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
+ r) s& H- A+ P3 v# @& zare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show; J- k5 x& R- z2 Z  U: g) }
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
; R' d# _/ l. ]+ x' U3 `releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked# L0 ^, T5 l; u
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
3 X9 ?5 e3 `" \3 g* w' [; H& Mmales; therefore, other male members of the family
+ @3 r+ \* W0 G7 zmay have similar precocious puberty.3
0 D* b/ O' @/ M* n8 f4 z5 M$ [& C- m# ]8 qIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
0 T% m5 j: V8 Y9 _0 U  L! ysistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-. K9 w* l$ u3 c1 V# h3 F
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
) g' K. U5 }2 |* a2 F7 Wwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
( p! I3 @* V9 x3 R+ e- Nstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
0 w: Q! n( F' o; D* ntesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
2 ]% n' k5 d+ X: r( Y. ybeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-- z7 m! _1 d" Y* q  M* h) k* I
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
+ M- v2 S5 A, vbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
% C/ H; @9 ~" p  Z/ y& _$ Qeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase# I9 ^% F; z% m0 O
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
* i: b0 p5 Y: v; I2 n4 ying the normal level of adrenal steroids.. o2 O& O1 j' I9 Q1 p
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly+ k% T8 }$ y9 I7 l1 Z7 N
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because: K# D/ @6 X8 |) e% m; [9 v1 A0 f
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
% Z- b7 y2 |  L5 f6 l/ v7 ~2 Ypearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and& |5 Z: J3 `1 y% y# @! O
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-5 u- T/ m) R) c" [
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
1 T7 `9 a8 E: }- Q' x* Jusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’: S% }/ ^. E7 _3 E+ Y9 b4 E
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
# ]3 I& N8 C9 w) X" [+ X. Ycream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to$ _2 J- h8 u2 \7 ]' ?
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
: r6 d& Z* P) Z' n2 j) Z  M6 \- i; w& p0 ESerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the& Q" ^0 [  Z2 A; M
baseline value in those females who were exposed to5 F1 \/ j2 c( P9 Z$ k5 E
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
/ p4 ~  C) U' [+ i8 v4 ipartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
) m9 H. h3 G. L! _9 f; m7 rtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.6 e7 C3 B$ p$ h
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
" C4 I2 ~% j2 Q2 P2 dwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
8 N7 y/ k2 M$ v7 E  i9 `1 Xdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-' l1 B- |: o4 E* J
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
! {8 q/ a+ Q8 [* ~# \8 uactive in young children exposed to testosterone8 j" S( a# F& e! ^( @1 ^
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
+ v( Y! d& C  ~8 Y/ u( D4 C2 m& E# ddrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to* U! R. k% O, V! }
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
9 p, c1 x0 j! H9 j" O- M0 Wchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and" M" z& S7 E! |- A% E! e, ^( D1 r( z
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
1 Z2 ~/ M5 K0 t6 iThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
% E/ `" M1 j7 u: G" T/ X* V# Mearly childhood on pubertal development and final
. ~3 L+ J2 a! d$ ~- ~0 n7 P1 Tadult height are not fully known and always remain
7 Z/ t1 I+ T- Z" ja concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
4 `, L9 \- u+ Q) f: k) q6 \# tterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some( u  p7 u3 d7 T5 {5 `
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
! H* e( \( T2 a* y" c. z7 D( {cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
% T" `, O/ e8 h3 i2 N1 {1 idecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,93 M" o2 z& t' y) r
There are conflicting reports and controversy3 v) k5 {, h0 X* t( d
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult- F1 r1 [0 T0 V, |4 R/ b* [) s
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
% W, A  o) U  E( M5 \) [& I4 [adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
! r3 e7 F- |# c; P2 culation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,1 }! K: D$ W: T# X6 a
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
# ~6 u/ q3 @4 q4 B" c( ]( rchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
# z- s% p+ A1 h+ d8 g7 Spenile length in clinical studies.
5 x1 ]( R2 v, [! M5 XNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is/ G. n5 D" A# ?4 ], z# J: D3 H& \
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
: W5 E% M4 _# X. L1 E: Y0 Wtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because! ~, R& d- Q$ x& A4 @9 C
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
( k# Q/ g+ h! GAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
; ]4 u! k5 r0 o7 f6 {diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
' u! N/ U2 H/ H3 pthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult; K- {" r! }, N) E, E
height will not be affected.
2 F) W) ~: ?7 [  y" b, n% @Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
1 l! t$ s8 L$ ]7 i+ cability of androgen products in our society may2 K+ ]: R7 d# T% k
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
0 o8 y' j4 S/ M9 R* f$ T, echildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
$ w  ^- g& F, ~) C) Wgen products must be considered and specific ques-
7 d  n4 C2 u! `$ x4 Z3 U5 Stioning about the use of a testosterone product or7 G7 {* g3 Z7 S! f! G
gel should be asked of the family members during* y4 {$ A& Z0 i6 L) a$ e
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-9 |, c7 V* k4 |
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-' s- r/ q5 u, B8 z
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by$ A& T) Y$ Z% Q' a0 J; u$ d
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a1 A9 Q8 `  n- {4 _9 p
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may8 w+ l' l! d! V+ H  j! |
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
' J' g# R6 y3 W: g# uinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
4 p! t7 s9 @6 P) u6 Laware of this fact, because most of these children$ S( D% r6 X" }. L6 V5 }7 d- m
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
+ B# Z0 }' X, {7 f% k. {' t+ [; J7 w" HDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
! t; ]+ G* c3 [5 B1 c! L8 Hwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
6 ^" r4 `% |2 H1 }5 d2 H  n; Tfemale child who might come in contact with some-; w% ]. Z2 o& |3 D; {0 q$ R% a- L* f
one using any of these products.
3 j( h7 J! P: P3 V2 u" Q/ ^References4 I+ @  p0 [  Z4 g
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation5 I, l8 n3 z5 x# a! L2 F
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric5 A+ j  o- s: y2 b% z- B
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;2 n$ S# ^$ V7 z* X5 Q
2002: 565-628.
6 r; u" v: ^, r8 d6 d& j2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious# @" D* ^, V7 R1 ~# w/ z
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
' S( q8 Y6 A! r/ e% Y6 yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
' t- R* e- ?, V& o, S. G1 V' g8 UTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 543/ v* Y! J( }' G7 a! D! Y
areas: organic central precocious puberty. Acta Paediatr.) O. h5 e$ Z; J  }3 J% k! W
2001;90:751-756.
" V4 C/ ^4 Z* O9 z' V4 A3. Lee PA. Puberty and its disorders. In: Lifshitz F, ed." K1 {3 ]' ]& g- q% N1 y7 ~0 H
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發表於 2025-1-5 09:19:02 | 顯示全部樓層
看起来不错啊,继续欣赏看看
發表於 2025-1-29 20:38:58 | 顯示全部樓層
感谢楼主无私分享
發表於 2025-1-29 21:12:48 | 顯示全部樓層
喜闻乐见  看看看看看
發表於 2025-1-29 22:19:07 | 顯示全部樓層
跟真的人真的好像
9 y) |0 U( F" @$ _9 I
發表於 2025-3-5 16:58:25 | 顯示全部樓層
seems interesting ...thanks for sharing
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